Artificial Intelligent Financial Evaluation -Myassifgnmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Artificial Intelligent Financial Evaluation? Answer: Presentation The report depends on examining the utilization of man-made brainpower (AI) in chose banking association, The Development Bank of Singapore (DBS). The financial area is investigating of appropriation of the man-made reasoning into the operational procedures. By selection of the man-made reasoning, the banks are robotized their operational procedures which result into decrease of cost and quicker the turnaround time. The Development Bank of Singapore is anticipating redesign the operational procedures (Moro, Cortez and Rita 2015). DBS is embracing of man-made consciousness so as to mix the computerized banking. The bank is centered around improvement of record framework with the end goal that it can upgrade the money related administrations. Man-made brainpower into DBS bank improves level of banking which give the clients ability to utilize banking administrations. The motivation behind this paper is to break down the computerized reasoning and advanced development into banking part which upgrades the client esteem. The report examines the item and procedures guide by illustrating of the insignificant reasonable item and procedure. It likewise builds up the money saving advantage investigation for the man-made brainpower. It talks about the transient system just as long haul methodology to dispatch of the MVP (Minimal Viable Product) and afterward approve the item. Procedures in chose association The Development Bank of Singapore The distinctive momentary techniques for propelling MVP and approve items are examined from now on. It must be reminded that time and cash is the key hindrances shielding one from testing astonishing business thoughts. Making a phony brand: The Development Bank of Singapore or DBS must consider their image name. During testing stage, their MVP is should have been given a phony name. This must be spellbinding enough for reverberating with clients (Copeland 2015). Opening for business: DBS must have a marked site. The site should accompany its particular format and a viable back-end proofreader. This must be immediately made sense of. The bank must module their space URL and logo to new sire. At that point everything like logo and brand name must be set up on various online life destinations. Loading the racks: DBS must compose inventive help depictions for their site. This must assistance possible clients to observe each intrigue of their administration. This must likewise incorporate specialized specs (Ahmadi et al. 2014). It is helpful to make up scarcely any subtleties that must check the reaction of clients to their expected administrations. Disturbing and separating: The distinctive chances to bring the deal to a close ascent as the intended interest group has been attracted through a one of a kind advantage. This is introduced by offer. Finishing of an exchange at commonly relies in transit how fruitful the advantages have been in drawing in different customers (Brynjolfsson, Rock and Syverson 2017). Crucial, objectives, goals, methodologies and strategies The fundamental crucial execute AI at DBS is to create openings with respect to quicker and progressively customized client encounters. This is planned to recover better bits of knowledge and mechanization of back-end streams. DBS supports an away from of various hopeful indications of selection and premium significantly under tedious financial occupants. Different conversations across media with respect to the development of AI have been extending from mechanization and their productivity to eliminate various positions to the startup acquisitions (Kaznacheev, Samoilova and Kjurchiski 2016). Along these lines DBS expects an instinctive, multichannel and simple to-utilize instrument are boosting client experience and decreasing time. One of the objectives in the current case is obscurity. Since insightful calculations go for information pools naturally, engineers never need to by and by get to information, make designs physically and break down that. Further another objective is to discuss proactively with the data required by clients before they call contact focuses (Stobbs, Hunter and Bagaric 2017). Next, a significant target is the organization. DBS gives labels to streamline and support money related taking care of. Till date, clients gas to label exchanges physically. In any case, AI improves this procedure. For this, the best procedure has been to concentrate on research towards mechanized labeling of exchanges. Thus, testing different AI alternatives for making the underlying models is significant strategies. Speculation The diverse speculation incorporates the accompanying. Absence of effective AI applications utilized by workers and clients at DBS. Absence of advantages with respect to time, exertion and cost decrease. Absence of clear future was giving for AI at DBS. A drawn out technique to dispatch MVP and approve item MVP may misinform DBS to utilize their procedure to start another task. A system with respect to quantitative and quick market testing is should have been tight and some way or another deceptive. The primary system is appropriate center (Riedl 2016). It is significant in the current situation maintaining a strategic distance from a standard crowd. Setting client consideration in an appropriate manner and getting to a pertinent crowd is the primary preliminary. DBS must recall that they are giving a dream of future item and thought of what basic device that has been playing with as of now can end up being. Next, DBS must think about moderation. They should attempt to flexibly thoughts effectively cost to such an extent that clients are prepared to give installment. They should adjust their vision and client desires. During managing each sort of undertakings, DBS must go for the best possible stage for a modest and fast beginning. Besides, they ought to be adaptable and intently collaborate with clients. This would assist with using time over no-benefit thoughts (Bench-Capon 2014). Here one can examine and see better market needs. At that point the testing ought to be thought of. MVP testing is tied in with seeming well and good whether the flexibly is settling clients challenges alongside an availability to pay for that. Aside from this, testing means organization assets and market abilities. In conclusion, DBS must comprehend that during the execution of a technique, they should not come up short. They should comply with some broad ways to deal with get away from various miserable results. They should utilize their instinct. At that point, they should talk about with space specialists (Bostrom and Yudkowsky 2014). Next, they should start with various widespread dangers. Crucial, objectives, destinations, techniques and strategies The fundamental crucial using AI or AI at banking is to battle against extortion. The innovation is additionally planned to improve consistence. It is preferably proper for challenges since various calculations for AI goes through huge value-based informational indexes spotting surprising conduct. The essential vision is to create programming robots that must go about as virtual specialists. They can be prepared for the most part by business clients in an instinctive manner (Castelli, Manzoni and Popovic 2016). DBS needs to let loose their significant and constrained aptitudes of IT specialists to concentrate on an ever increasing number of key assignments. Since innovation keeps on producing huge changes in DBS, is must give the association through shutting and little, interface to flourish their computerized highlight. This is their essential objective (Makridakis 2017). Further, the goal supporting, for this situation, is that the innovation development must shape their industry, workforce and associations. The procedure actualized must so that it discovers an incentive inside interruption and afterward develops their job in the lives of clients. The best strategies are that DBS requires downsizing their reliability over inheritance center financial frameworks and afterward actualizing current IT stage. This is to make universal principles alongside related business preparing guidelines accessible. Speculation The speculation is talked about beneath. DBS means to utilize AI under intensely manual procedure in regards to money saving advantages, speed proficiency and exactness. There are different outside and inner components assisting with raising the client experience and afterward move worker towards greater judgment based and high worth included duties. Item guide and negligible reasonable item for man-made consciousness The examination gives a guide to actualize the man-made reasoning into the financial part. Computer based intelligence is embraced into the bank and it has potential so as to drive income, decline into operational expense alongside alleviation of dangers. DBS puts resources into just as conveys of man-made consciousness as it controls the market (Ogwueleka et al. 2015). The MPV of DBS is those items which fulfill the clients and afterward giving of input towards future improvement of item. Through the AI items, it devours just as procedures of bigger measures of information. It speeds the productivity of the money related administrations and afterward turns out to be progressively effective. Man-made intelligence items can recognize the cheats by coming up short of the strange exchanges. It develops trust and makes a client esteem. The clients are connected to the bank which gives of customized administrations. The banks are predominantly utilized of AI innovation to utilization of robots as the money related guides, that gives mechanized just as calculation based monetary. The money related items give better profitability to make the monetary tasks increasingly compelling just as effective (Wu, Chen and Olson 2014). The workforces are centered around center financial functionalities and decrease of cost. DBS is an orderly alongside information driven banks which is utilized to measure alongside limiting of the dangers and client assistance, hindering of cheats, estimating and recognizing the new clients to showcase the new money related administrations (Cavalcante et al. 2016). The financial tasks of DBS are exceptionally information escalated as they are included into opening of ledger, accommodation of structures and reports. Issues and mixes of man-made reasoning into chosen association Aside from the advantages of artifi

The Types of Essay Samples PDF

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Continuing Nursing Education Essay

Programming of an expert course in nursing is joint obligation of the chief of keeping nursing training and the Dean of school of nursing. Formal channels of correspondence utilize the nursing staff to investigate the necessities of keeping nursing instruction. Personnel inclusion and arrangement of warning panel is profoundly attractive. To survey the adequacy of the program. What exactly degree pre-define objectives have been accomplished. To survey the materialness of preparing in the field. For quality control or subjective improvement. Method for assessment: Pre-test and post-test. Mentality tests. Perception of abilities. Poll. Sound or video tapes. National Literacy Mission (1988): To confer utilitarian education to non-literates of 15-35 yrs old enough gathering. Program of activity on NPE is given by the Ministry of Human Resource Development; Government of India . As indicated by NPE, Adult Education can be effectively actualized by including proceeding with instruction. The Janshikshan Sansthan is set up for bunches of towns with the offices of library, understanding rooms, charcha mandal, network TV set and radio to empower sub serving the destinations of instruction. In any case, proceeding with training goes past post education consequently still it is one of the significant destinations to be accomplished. In-administration instruction is an arranged instructional or preparing program gave by an utilizing office in work setting and is intended to expand fitness in a particular territory. Parts : â€Â Orientation aptitude preparing program. Proceeding with instruction program. Administration preparing. The board aptitudes improvement. Staff improvement program. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing (JCEN). Proceeding with Education and self-evaluation of information on nurture pioneers :- Andreja Kvas , M.Sc , B.Sc , RN. (DOI:- June 10, 2013; 10.3928/00220124). Neeraja K.P, Textbook of Nursing Education (2003): New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. Abbatt FB, MEJIA A, Continuing Education of Health Workers, A Workshop Manual, (Geneva) World Health Organization. Satija BR, Trends in Education(2003), New Delhi, Anmol Publishers. Proceeding with instruction of wellbeing laborers incorporates the encounters after introductory preparing which assist wellbeing with caring faculty to keep up and improve existing, and obtain new abilities pertinent to the exhibition of their obligations. Fitting proceeding with instruction ought to reflect network needs in wellbeing and lead to arranged upgrades in the strength of the community†. Bound together Approach Relationships with different frameworks Comprehensiveness Accessibility for lady wellbeing laborers Integration with the administration procedure Analysis of requirements as a reason for learning progression Internally organized Relevance in arranging Credibility and monetary Appropriateness in usage Sheltered and successful nursing care. Address the issue of the populace. Updateâ the information. Professional success. Obtain particular aptitudes of work force and meet technologic aides. Get ready in managerial and authority positions. Shape their own fate. To meet the wellbeing needs and open desires. To build up the rehearsing capacities of the medical caretaker. Enrollment work. Perceive holes in their insight. To improve the correspondence between the members, personnel, network, and wellbeing part. To test the members capacity to do formal scholastic investigation. To shape or bolster college instructive strategies and practices. To guarantee the nature of training. To concede spending plan for augmentation considers. To keep up scholarly principles. To meet instructive prerequisites. Medical caretaker's way of thinking of life, nursing and training, conviction, and so on will impact the way of thinking of keeping nursing instruction. It centers around singular student. The astute instructor perceives that one's way of thinking of training is constantly a rising one, instead of a static one. Learning must be a nonstop procedure all through the life expectancy, not restricted to formal courses of study. Nursing depends on information on the physical and mental working of man inside his condition, extending the information identified with man and his dynamic, multiplying fields of activity is of concern. Student Teacher/Educator Guide and advocate to the student. An arranger and coordinator of learning encounters. Help and an encourager of understudies. Evaluator of projects. Including assets specialists for showing the understudies. Giving instructional materials. Choose and assess materials arranged by others. Regulatory job (arranging, coordinating, planning and assessment). Advertising job to change the picture of nursing and in perceiving the commitments and possibilities of medical attendants. Graduate degree in his general vicinity of nursing ability or with a doctorate in grown-up instruction. Accreditations with more productions. Composing and sorting out aptitudes. A proceeding with student. Clinical expertisedness . Profundity of nursing information and aptitude in its application. Enthusiasm for the subject, excitement in instructing. Aptitude in working with grown-up students. Sufficient information about showing aptitudes and techniques for educating. Wide base information. Worry for individuals. Adaptability. Delicate to aggregate reaction. Ready to travel. Nitty gritty development readiness and association for educating. Creativity. Assurance. Skills and different qualities: Skills and different qualities Self-certainty. A comical inclination. More extensive standpoint. A vitality. An inborn interest. Love of Adventure. Want to look through the obscure. Enthusiasm for self-improvement and in others advancement. Arrangement for school and nursing staff inclusion in arranging and encouraging the keeping nursing training courses will in general keep up highâ educational guidelines for the program. A sufficient staff is fundamental to arranging, actualizing and assessing a program which depends on adapting needs and which affects the nature of nursing care gave. Obligations of the chief of keeping nursing instruction are: - Determination of adapting needs of the medical caretaker populace. - Development and usage of a program to address these issues. - Evaluation of results. Staff administrations are required with adequate gifts and numbers to execute the arranged program: †Advisory. - Secretarial. †Administrative. †Supportive †Assistance with explore, exposure, survey, assessment instruments, information investigation, PC programming. A warning board of trustees must be named, which incorporates: - Faculty individuals from an assortment of territories of nursing practice. - Directors of medical clinic nursing administrations. - Representatives from the state authorizing authority, wellbeing division and willful offices. - Extended consideration offices - Hospital affiliation. - Medical and partnered wellbeing experts. - Regional clinical program. Different organizations engaged with the conveyance of social insurance in the network. The people group may fill in as a contact between the school of nursing and the wellbeing network and satisfy a correspondence and advertising capacity for the college. Keeping nursing training system might be decentralized or concentrated. Decentralization is portrayed by programming inside every scholarly division, personnel associated with counsel and studies with the open intrigued by their subject field were generally learned about the requirements for keeping nursing training. Centralization is described by a different office or augmentation division. Money related help is by either college awards or self-supporting. Personnel might be allocated to proceeding instruction as a customary piece of the typical showing load, however for periods they will get extra-compensation or non-college personnel may recruited on an agreement premise to show explicit courses. An effective keeping nursing training program is the aftereffect of cautious and nitty gritty arranging. Parts of keeping nursing training arranging: Broad arranging by foundation and offices liable for keeping nursing instruction. Explicit arranging by people for their own proceeding with instruction. Arranging is fundamental to: - Meet the nursing needs. - Use accessible assets. - Meet needs at all levels i.e., nearby, state, local, national, and universal. - Avoid duplication and discontinuity of endeavors. - Help keep at the very least any holes in meeting the proceeding with training needs of the medical caretakers.

Stop Incarceration, Start Rehabilitation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 942 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2018/12/29 Category Infrastructure Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Tags: Prison Essay Social Problems Essay Did you like this example? Incarceration is one of the legal forms of punishment for offenses including felony in the United States of America. According to the national statistics, in the year 2013 alone, incarceration rate was at 698 among 100,000 people but this later shot up in the year 2014 to 735 among 92,000 people (The National Bureau of Economic Research). The figures made America to have one of the largest prison populations in the world with a majority of the inmates having been convicted of various state laws. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Stop Incarceration, Start Rehabilitation" essay for you Create order It pushed the government into building the prisons further and spend a lot more taxpayersmoney to keep the prisons running. However, rehabilitation is a much more effective than incarceration. Mass incarceration is one of the issues that continues to trouble the U.S. There have been calls from among other people, the journalist, sociologist, historians and the political class on the need for intervention on mass incarceration in the U.S. It remains an issue that has a significant detrimental impact on the larger society. It is just a cycle of crime where the inmates keep on re-entering the same prisons, and the taxpayersmoney is used to keep them in the prisons at the expense of other critical developments (The National Bureau of Economic Research). Some of those who troop to the jails have only been convicted of minor offenses yet they can be handled without incarceration. It has become apparent that incarcerating the lawbreakers from time to time does not solve the challenge of crime that the U.S. continues to face to date. The unending crime arises from the inmates who are let go back the society to join the rest of the people. A lot of money and other resources are used to keep the inmates in the prisons yet when they are released back into the society; they still tend to break the law, sometimes the same mistakes that landed them in jail in the first place. Rehabilitation helps in reducing substance abuse in communities since individuals on treatment programs tend to commit fewer crimes. Incarceration has economic, social and political impacts on the society. Studies have shown that most of the time when the inmates are released from the prisons, they find it hard reintegrating in the society and therefore, most often they commit the same offenses and end up in the prisons once again (Simon 12). Prions ought to rehabilitate people so that they are better than before they were taken into the prisons. Rehabilitation offers a cost-effective way of dealing with offenders. Keeping the inmates in prisons costs America a lot of money; a lot more than what the nation spends on its education sector. Studies have indicated that treatment reduces the costs that substance abuse offenders have in the society at least more effectively than incarceration (McVay, Schiraidi, Ziedenberg 13). When it comes to dealing with the substance abusing offenders, treatment is a much cheaper option than incarceration. The state uses a lot of money in incarceration which they can save up to 40 percent when the states embrace treatment rather than incarceration (Zarkin, Cowell, Dunlap 640). Even if the state were to try and offer treatment in prison, then it would still be costlier compared to treatment done away from the prisons. Keeping inmates requires a lot of resources including food, security, clothing, and other supporting structures which most of the time are not needed when treatment is offered away from the prisons. Almost 50 percent of all the state prisoners in the United States are either substance abuser or are drug dependent; however, only about 10 percent of them receive drug treatment while under incarceration (McVay, Schiraidi, Ziedenberg 640). It means the majority; the 90 percent are not getting any treatment and thus it seems like by incarcerating them there is no long-term goal or even hope for them. The lack of adequate treatment for them means that they are very likely to resume substance abuse once they are done serving their terms. Those who support incarceration argue that by taking the offenders it reduces the likelihood of the offenders influencing other people which they claim in the long run reduces the crime rate in the society. The argument further stresses that in the long run, the state saves money that would be used rehabilitate other offenders. However, incarceration has a lot to do with victimization too which cost the released inmates a lot since they find the society unwelcoming (Simon 18). When one is rehabilitated then the victimization that comes with being released from prison is avoided. In brief, the debate in incarceration continues to draw differing arguments. Statistics have continued to show that incarceration is too costly to America and that most of the time it fails to give the desirable outcomes. While incarceration may be good at separating the lawbreakers so as to keep the rest of the people safe, taking them to prison on serves to worsen the already bad situation. In the prisons, they lack treatment and therefore commit the same crimes once they are let go from the prisons. They also face victimization which makes it hard for them to reintegrate into the society. Therefore, the U.S. should avoid incarceration as much as possible and embrace rehabilitation. Works Cited McVay, D., Schiraidi, V., Ziedenberg. (2004). Treatment or Incarceration. Justice Policy Institute. Simon, J. (2011). Mass Incarceration: From Social Policy to Social Problem. Berkley. The National Bereau of Economic Research. (2017, December 5). Favorable Effects of Imprisoning Drug Offenders. Retrieved from The National Bereau of Economic Research: https://www.nber.org/digest/jan02/w8489.html Zarkin, G., Cowell, A., Dunlap, L. (2012). Benefits and Costs of Substance Abuse Treatement Programs for State Prison Inmaates. PubMed, 633 652.

Strategic Analysis Nike - 1619 Words

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT NIKE: Strategic Analysis SUBMITTED TO: AMIT SINHA SUBMITTED BY: Varun Bhatia 191181 FMG 19C Nike’s Global Business Strategy When first founded in 1962 under the name of Blue Ribbon Sports, the strategy was â€Å"to distribute low-cost, high-quality Japanese athletic shoes to American consumers in an attempt to break Germany’s domination of the domestic industry.† Today Nike offers athletic shoes at every marketable price point to a global market. Nike sustains its leading position through emphasizing quality products, constant innovation, and aggressive marketing. Nike sells its products in more than 180 countries under not only its namesake brand but brands such as Cole Haan, Converse, Hurley†¦show more content†¦The company focuses its marketing on celebrity endorsement, i.e. athletes in basketball, golf, soccer, and tennis. Lately, Nike has also began to sponsor big sporting events so as to create huge awareness and brand following. In 2008, Nike spent significant amount on advertising in the Beijing 2008 Olympics and the Football Championship. After the recent Tiger Woods scandal Nike plans on revisiting it celebrity endorsement strategy. It can be noted that the ‘swoosh logo’ is one of the most famous in the world due to these huge advertising efforts. Branding Strategy: Nike’s strategy in this front is to develop a premium brand associated with high quality product that satisfies customer needs. Nike’s brand is associated with an aggressive attitude portrayed by, â€Å"you don’t win silver, you lose gold,† which clearly suggests that winning is vital. The Nike customer associated the Nike brand with being the ‘American’ way: Being individual and aggressive like Michael Jordan and John McEnroe. Nike built its brand around sports, attitude and lifestyle. Nike backed this strategy with marketing campaigns like â€Å"Just do it† and with the companies front athletes like Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods. Selling Strategy: Nike’s strategy in early 2000s was to develop, flag ship stores, NikeTown shops in bigger cities, first national, and then abroad. Nike was the first company to establish flagship stores and it turned out to be a sensation. There are independentShow MoreRelatedStrategic Analysis of Nike1213 Words   |  5 PagesNike Case Analysis Nike is a worlds leading supplier of athletic shoes and apparel. The company was founded in 1964, when it was selling shoes to athletes. It grow rapidly through the 1970’s, and expanded its product lines to produce footwear in the categories of running, training, basketball, casual shoes, and kids shoes. As the bloom faded from the domestic athletic footwear market, the company entered active apparel market in 1978. Nike made a series of strategic decisions in 1970’s and earlyRead MoreNike Strategic Analysis3456 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction Every box of Nike shoes states, engineered and built to the exact specifications for championship athletes around the world. Nike has become the measuring stick in the world of merchandising and endorsing. Top athletes around the world are often seen with a famous Nike swoosh on their shoes. It is not uncommon to see some form of Nike product everywhere you look. It all begins with Phil Knight, a competitive runner, who incorporated Blue Ribbon Sports in Oregon in 1968. 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The six sections of the project are external environment analysis, S.W.O.T analysis, executive interview, strategic and tactical plans and controls, structure,Read MoreEnvironmental Scan Essays952 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Scan Nanette Guffey MGT/ 498 – Strategic Management Richard Haines September 17th, 2012 Environmental scanning is an organization’s strategic management and is actual important to the corporation. Environmental scanning is getting-together data for the external and the internal of the company.

Hiv Prevalence And High Risk Groups - 2462 Words

ID NO-140784141 HIV IN INDIA Introduction-Prevalence High Risk Groups India has the third largest HIV epidemic in the world. In 2013, HIV prevalence in India was an estimated 0.3 percent. Overall, India’s HIV epidemic is slowing down, with a 57% decline in new HIV infections 29% percent decline in AIDS-related deaths between 2007 and 2011.(1) HIV prevalence in India varies geographically. The four states with the highest numbers of people living with HIV (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu) are in the south of the country and account for 53 percent of all HIV infections. However, HIV prevalence is falling and in northern states, the number of new HIV infections is rising. (1)Heterosexual sex is the predominant mode†¦show more content†¦Prev. Because the Indian society discriminates against FSWs as immoral women. FSWs with lower social support score were relatively less likely to use condom consistently. These women, for the most part, remain inaccessible to HIV prevention programmes, thereby undermining the efforts of HIV prevention.(2,5) Men who have sex with men (MSM) and HIV in India- prevalence: 4.4%. In 2009, the Delhi High Court had decriminalised same sex conduct. However, in December 2013, India s Supreme Court recriminalised adult same sex sexual conduct, which limits the access of HIV prevention and treatment for MSM. (4) Hijras / transgender people and HIV in India- HIV prevalence: 8.8 %.In India, transgender people are often not given identity and considered as a distinct group, which results in social exclusion ,leading to high-risk behaviours.(6) In April 2014, the Indian Supreme Court recognised transgender people as a distinct gender. Many hope this ruling will lead to a decline in the stigma and discrimination faced by hijras and increase their access to HIV services. People who inject drugs (PWID) and HIV in India- HIV prevalence: 7.1 % 30 % of PWID are in north-eastern states, where injecting drug use is the major route of HIV transmission. However, HIV prevention efforts in this region have reduced the number of new infections. Research has stressed the need for early interventions for PWID in India, among which most influenced are the teenage/adolescent

Martin Luther Protestant Reformation Essay Example For Students

Martin Luther Protestant Reformation Essay The Protestant Reformation:What it was,why it happenedand why it was necessary. The Protestant Reformation has been called the most momentous upheaval in the history of Christianity. It was a parting of the ways for two large groups of Christians who differed in their approach to the worship of Christ. At the time, the Protestant reformers saw the church- the Catholic church, or the universal church- as lacking in its ways. The church was corrupt then, all the way up to the pope, and had lost touch with the people of Europe. The leaders of the Reformation sought to reform the church and its teachings according to the Scriptures and the writings of the Apostles. They sought to simplify the church by returning to its roots, roots long lost by the Catholic church at the time, or so the reformers believed. After the fall of the Roman Empire, life in Europe declined rapidly into the Dark Ages. The Dark Ages were a time of misery and darkness. There were only two socioeconomic classes: the very rich nobility or the very poor peasants. Small kingdoms popped up everywhe re, and were constantly at war with one another. Whole libraries were destroyed, and the only people who remained literate were the clergy of the Christian church. Life became such a struggle to survive that, for a period of five hundred years, very little artwork or literature was produced by the whole of Europe. Eventually, around the year 1000, the conditions in Europe began to get better. This marked the beginning of the Middle Ages. The Crusades began as an effort to revitalize the spirits of the people. However, things still werent very good. Plagues ravaged the land, carried by rodents and destroying whole villages. With this all around, the people began to talk of witches and devils and evil spirits. The religious stories of the time, as seen in the sculpture of every church built during this time period, was of the Last Judgement and the tortures of Hell. This was the time of tall, sweeping Gothic cathedrals adorned with gargoyles and devils. Everywhere the people looked, t hey saw death, and it became the sole thought in their minds- that and what came after death. With the spreading literacy among the clergy and nobility of the times came new literature. For hundreds of ears the only literature that had existed were those books saved from the destruction of the Dark Ages by the church and the monasteries. Now, scholars began to write new books- all of it, of course, religious in nature. One of the most influential books of the time was The Imitation of Christ by Thomas a Kempis. The book gave clear and simple instruction for modeling a Christian spiritual life on that of Christ (The Volume Library, 1950. However, the way that it did this was to present the mind set of a sober awareness of death and a general view that life is a veil of tears (Carmody, 331). While The Imitation was not the progenitor of the mood for the next several hundred years, it certainly contributed to it. Everything in life became a form of suffering in imitation of Christ. It soon became that even the tiniest act or motion during church service became a holy symbol of p art of Christs pain. This was also the time of the greatest pilgrimages in history. People all over Europe travelled great distances to experience even the most insignificant of relics. Soon, the possession of relics became a kind of competition between churches and monasteries, denoting their popularity and piety. With the collection of relics came an increase in the size and wealth of the church which housed them. This led to an obsession for money and materialism within the church, which grew tremendously over the next few hundred years. It went so far as the selling of indulgences, which was basically the buying off of ones time spent in purgatory before ascending to heaven. As the Renaissance began, the clergy itself began collecting artwork and lavish decor not only for the church for their private offices. With this trend towards materialism came an obsession with the acts performed during Mass rather than what they represented. Soon, everything in the service contained some kind of mystery which was supposedly known only to the priest but not to the common man. With the Mass still being said in Latin, which only the clergy knew, it was no wonder that this sense of mystery completely separated the church from its followers. The priests espoused complicated rituals, but did little teaching and enlightening of the general masses. As if this wasnt bad enough, an amazing event put another spilt between the church and the people of Euope. The Great Schism, as it has been called. The long line of corrupt popes arrived at the election of Bartolomeo Prigano, of which accounts differ widely among those cardinals present at the election. Controversy surrounded this election over whether Prigano had actually been elected pope or had merely been nominated to be the new pope. The cardinals left Rom e and declared that the election was void and there currently was no leader of the church. Pope Clement VII- a relative of the French king- was elected by the cardinals, and he declared Prigano the anti-christ. The new pope took up residence in Avignon on the French border, and the corruption of the church grew even worse, becoming the scandal of Europe. It was obvious that the church and its head were being manipulated by the French royalty, and all of Europe knew it. As time went on, popes came and went in both Avignon and Rome, with different parts of Europe claiming loyalties to different popes. Skirmishes broke out constantly. Finally, in 1409, the College of Cardinals met to discuss The Great Schism. Neither pope agreed to attend the meeting, just ashad happened with every other meeting of this kind, and neither side showed any signs of reconciliation. The decision of the cardinals was to elect a third pope. Pope Alexander V and his successors tried to get the other two popes to back down to, no avail. The church was in turmoil, and Europe with it. In 1415, a national council took place between the major countries of Europe- France, Italy, Spain and Germany- called the council of Constance. The clergy from across the continent decided at this meeting, themselves being the greatest Christian authority of the time- so much that even the popes must abide by their decisions- that all three popes would be deposed and a new pope would be elected. Though not immediately effective, the Councils edict eventually took hold and the other popes dropped out of popularity. This ended The Great Schism, but not the atmosphere created by it. Caught up in its own disputes, the church had lost touch with its people, and simply unifying its leadership without altering its practices did little to change this. At the Council of Constance, as well as cleaning up the papacy, the subject of John Wycliffe and John Huss was brought up. Wycliffe had died many years earlier in 1384, but his views still persisted. Wycliffe, who had been a professor at the University of Oxford, had argued for a church reform based on a return to the Scriptures- one of the most popular ideas of what was to become the Reformation movement. He argued for a downsized church because the Church, as the assembly of all the predestined, is invisible, and hence formal membership in the external, institutional ecclesiastical body is no guarantees of salvation (Dolan 125). He rejected the idea that the office of the pope was a divine institution, arguing that the characteristics of the person must be comparable to their originator, St. Peter, to be divine. Foremost of the needed characteristics was the love of Christ. Turbografix 16 ...the beginning EssayLuther was eventually brought to trial and excommunicated from the church. However, no further action could be taken against Luther in Germany because of his popularity with the people and the size of his movement had taken on. The church ordered all of Luthers works burned, but few carried out this command with any enthusiasm. In 1520, he wrote a series of pamphlets entitled An Appeal to the Nobility of the German Nation, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church and On Christian Liberty, which together set forth a plan for reforming the church. These contained ideas so radical that it would be impossible, as Desiderius Erasmus the great humanist and historian said, to make peace with the papacy. The pamphlets called for a return to the Scriptures and Epistles as the sole belief system of the church, for a priesthood for the common man instead of an exclusive clergy, and a doctrine of justification by faith alone. It must be asserted, though, t hat Luther and his followers still had no intention of removing themselves from the Catholic church. They wanted reform, not separation. But this reformation never happened. The leaders of different European countries swore allegiance to either one side or the other. Some governments followed the Protestant doctrine out of faith, others because it was a useful political tool in explaining their actions. In the Netherlands, for example, the Protestant Reform not only took the form of a religious upheaval but also of a political rebellion against the Spanish rulers. Everywhere, Europe was split along religious lines. Luther was tossed from one place to another by this maelstrom, brought before councils and protected by supportive monarchs. Luther eventually died in 1546. In his final days, he had become a bitter and often disappointed man. The Reformers who came to take his place seemed to him too fanatic and too proud. They had held back when he alone had faced the fury of the Pope, and now they had burst forth triumphantly now that the papacy had been broken. The Reformation continued outside of Germany, occurring mos tly in the north and outside of England. Following Luther came Martin Bucer to lead the German Reform movement, Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland, and John Calvin in Geneva. These men were keen observers of the winds of political change that ranged about them. They were more sophisticated than Luther and his earliest followers, and they planted the Reformation movement in large population centers and identified it with civic and social responsibilities. Holiness of life, not membership in a world-wide organizational design, was their criterion of the true Christian (Dolan 269). Each of them changed Luthers original doctrine to suit their needs- mostly dealing with the Eucharist- but they kept the flame of the revolt alive. Following the lead of the Protestant Reformers on the continent, King Henry VIII of England rejected the authority of the pope and declared himself head of the Church of England in 1534. This rebellion was not, however, honest and sincere like that of the Protestant Reformers. Henry broke with the church because he wanted a male heir to the throne, and he could not convince the pope to annul his marriage to Cathrine of Aragon- the first of his six wives. Following Henry, King Edward VI and Queen Elizabeth continued to mold this new church after the Protestant example. Elizabeth deliberately tried to keep the church a faith midway between Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. Having lost much of its former glory, the Catholic church finally called together a council to take action against the Reformation which had so violently broken the church. It had been over twenty years since any such council had met. The Council of Trent was convened at Trento in northern Italy from 1546 to 1564. The policies developed at the Council made up what was called the Counter- Reformation. In response to the humanistic views of the Reformation, the Catholic church zealously strengthened its own religious views. The councils first action was, of course, to denounce Protestantism and reaffirm the Catholic doctrine. It set into motion the improvement of the education of priests and reasserted the power and authority of the Pope across Europe. It also, to assure the popes power and to prevent future harm by rebels such as Luther, established the Inquisition whose duty it was to hunt out any threat to the church and remove it. So while the Reformation led to political dissension and increased rebellion, the Counter- Reformation resulted in intolerance, moralizing and a taste for exaggerated religiosity (Adams, 281). The final battle of the Protestant Reformation was fought nearly fifty years later: the Thirty Years War. An actual military war between the German princes which had banded together to form the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the south and west. The war began with revolt in Bohemia, homeland of John Huss, and soon encompasses Denmark, Sweden and France as well. The war finally ended in Germany in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia, but Europe would never again be the same. France and Spain continued to fight, and the Protestants and the Catholics continued to glare at each other from their respective sidelines. The explosion that had split the Catholic church had died away, but the fire it left behind continued to burn. Seen in perspective with the history of the times, the Reformation was inevitable. It not only spoke out against the atrocities, selfishness and hypocrisy that the people of northern Europe protested against, but it also provided a form of religious express ion that let men and women worship God in their own fashion. The lifestyles of northern and southern Europe were and still are vastly different. Italy at the time was far more crowded and urban than Germany and its neighbors. The people of the south were also of a different heritage. The Catholic church centered itself around the ruins of the Roman Empire and was made up of the descends of the Romans and Jews. The people of the north came from the Germanic tribes like the Goths, tribes which had been instrumental in the fall of the Empire. The south was decadent, the north rural. It is hardly surprising that these two regions would eventually develop their own form of religious expression. Thus, Protestantism and its offshoots- Lutheran, Baptist, Methodist and such- are still popular in the world today, very often with people who have roots where the faiths originated. Roman Catholicism still thrives as well, but in a less corrupt state than during the Reformation. It now dominates much of Europe, while the Protestant religions have taken over America. Religion Essays

Substitute Goods Essay Example For Students

Substitute Goods Essay In economics, one kind of good (or service) is said to be a substitute good for another kind insofar as the two kinds of goods can be consumed or used in place of one another in at least some of their possible uses. Classic examples of substitute goods include margarine and butter, or petroleum and natural gas (used for heating or electricity). The fact that one good is substitutable for another has immediate economic consequences: insofar as one good can be substituted for another, the demand for the two kinds of good will be bound together by the fact that customers can trade off one good for the other if it becomes advantageous to do so. We will write a custom essay on Substitute Goods specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Thus, an increase in price for one kind of good (ceteris paribus) will result in an increase in demand for its substitute goods, and a decrease in price (ceteris paribus, again) will result in a decrease in demand for its substitutes. Thus, economists can predict that a spike in the cost of wood will likely mean increased business for bricklayers, or that falling cellular phone rates will mean a fall-off in business for public pay phones. It is important to note that when speaking about substitute goods we are speaking about two different kinds of goods; so the substitutability of one good for another is always a matter of degree. One good is a perfect substitute for another only if it can be used in exactly the same way, at exactly the same cost, and with exactly the same quality of outcome; that is, when there is no particular incentive for a customer to prefer one over the other. Needless to say, there are relatively few perfect substitutes except between two goods of the same kind. Much more common is for goods to be imperfect substitutes for one another. Compact discs and cassettes, for example, can both be used for the same purpose (as media for recording and replaying sound), but there are significant differences between the two in terms of durability, sound quality, and the cost of the recording media and the equipment used to record on it. As a result the two can be substituted for one another, but there are significant trade-offs involved in deciding to substitute one for the other: if you buy a tape instead of a CD, you may pay less, but you will get lower sound quality and a less durable good; if you buy a CD instead of a tape, you may get better sound quality but you will pay more and you may not be able to listen to the CD in your car. Nevertheless, CDs and cassettes are substitute goods (though only imperfectly): and so if changes in the market tend to erode the advantages f choosing cassettes over CDs (such as a decrease in CD prices or increased availability of car CD players) it will tend to increase the demand for CDs and decrease the demand for cassettes. The opposite of a substitute good is a complement good. In other words, good substitution is an economic concept where two goods are of comparable value. Car brands are an example. While someone could argue that Ford trucks are much different from Toyota tr ucks, If the price of Ford trucks goes up enough, some people will buy Toyota trucks instead.

Research design Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches

Research design Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches Case Study Case study is a research method that is usually employed when the researcher might be interested in conducting an explorative study but not prescriptive study. In the research method, the researcher could be free to explore and tackle issues as they arise. This means that the method is flexible, which means that the researcher could address broad questions before tackling narrower questions.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Research design: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The method is focuses on the context of the study implying that it employs the technique of thick description. This strategy helps in bridging the gap between the theoretical study and actual practice, which allows canvassers to offer a comparison of data (Seglin 2003, p. 8). However, the method is believed to be weak because it is too subjective. This means that the results neith er could be evaluated nor could be implemented since they are the views of the researcher. Furthermore, the method is too expensive since the researcher would have to stay with the researched in order to study their behaviour. This study cannot employ the case study method because of the ethical issues. Since this is an academic research, reliability, sensitivity and issues related to biasness are to be considered seriously before proceeding to collect data (Kothari 2004, p. 71). Interview Interviewing is considered one of the effective ways of collecting data in any research design. However, a number of issues restrict the use of the method. Interview guides enables sampling because the researcher can control it easily. The researcher would easily choose who to interview based on a certain criteria. Moreover, the method is effective since it permits face-to-face interaction. Face-to-face interaction allows the researcher to extract important information from the researched that cou ld otherwise not be extracted from them. Through interviewing, the researcher would be in a position to collect critical information that would not otherwise be captured by a questionnaire. In this proposal, interview method would be employed together with the surveying method. Additionally, the researcher might choose to use visual instruments in case interviewing would be employed.Advertising Looking for proposal on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This would give valid results as compared to using survey method alone. Since the researcher would be available, he or she would ask additional questions hence acquiring additional information that would not have been captured using the questionnaire. In fact, the researcher may engage the researched in an in-depth discussion hence collecting information that is more important. This would be achieved through probing or seeking clarifications in case the researc her would not understand the answers clearly. No question would be left unanswered since the researcher would ensure that the respondent answers all questions. In other words, the researcher would create enough time for the respondent to address all questions (Blumberg Schindler 2008, p. 71). In research, there is no method lacking some weaknesses. Just like all other methods, interviewing has a number of weaknesses. The method is believed to be very expensive in terms of time and resources. The researcher would be required to travel to various places in search of respondents. The method is consumes more time as compared to survey method since much time is taken to interview one respondent. Moreover, geographical features affect the method because it is impossible to reach people in some provinces, especially during rainy seasons. Finally, the method is accused of biasness because the interviewer would ask a question in a way that suggests a particular answer (Hakim 2000, p. 28). S urvey Method This method would be employed in this study because it is an effective way to access a large population. In this regard, a questionnaire would be sent to various employees in various companies. Employees would be requested to give their views as regards to the position of the Chinese small firms. The technique saves time. The Proposal This proposal would take a deductive approach, which would call for the researcher to work from a known hypothesis that convergence or divergence of Chinese small companies would affect positively the economy of the country in terms of performance in the global financial system. Thus, the study would take a top down approach as compared to the inductive approach that would take an up down strategy. To realize the use of deductive approach, quantitative tools of data collection and analysis such as questionnaires and interviews would be used. Quantitative tools would be preferred as opposed to qualitative tools because they would enable the researcher to come up with facts, such as a hypothesis that convergence or divergence of Chinese small companies would affect the economy positively in terms of performance globally.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Research design: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This would enable the researcher to test and confirm the hypothesis (Taylor 2007, p. 19). This would not be like qualitative tools that first come up with an abstract idea that is followed by creation of theories and concepts about the idea. Lastly, data in quantitative research is believed to be hard and reliable as opposed to qualitative research where data would just be rich and deep. Due to this, the study would take a positivism kind of philosophy. A positivism approach would make the researcher understand more the impact of convergence or divergence of Chinese small companies on the performa nce of the economy of China globally (Crotty 2003, p. 9). Quantitative Research This research is occasionally referred to as factual knowledge and would employ conventional arithmetical and statistical representations to compute categorical results. Physical scientists usually exploit it, though social studies, education and finance have been identified to utilize this variety of study. Quantitative researches would make use of an average design, with a little insignificant inter-subject distinction of engendering a premise to be confirmed or refuted. This hypothesis should be verifiable by mathematical and arithmetical techniques and would be the foundation around which the entire research would be calculated. The design would permit randomization of any targeted clusters as well as to organize groups to be incorporated in the research if possible. A well-designed quantitative design would influence only one variable at ago, or else statistical examination turns out to be burdensom e and open to queries. In an ideal world, quantitative study would be built in a way that permits others to replicate the research and get comparable outcomes. Quantitative design is believed to be an exceptional approach to confirm results and establish or invalidate a hypothesis. The design would be selected in this research since its configuration has not changed for many years, which means it is normal across numerous technical disciplines and subjects (Parsimonious). Subsequent to statistical investigation of the outcomes, an all-inclusive response would be arrived at and the outcome would be legally conferred and published. Quantitative research furthermore would sieve peripheral aspects if suitably planned and the outcomes achieved would be perceived to be authentic and equitable. Quantitative researches are useful for testing the results obtained by a series of qualitative tests, leading to an ultimate responseAdvertising Looking for proposal on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ethical Implications Ethics is considered an important aspect of any research. Ethics would mean proper or professional research, which would be conducted in the best traditions of the discipline. The research would need to observe researcher-respondent relations, which deals with the welfare of the respondent. Honesty, sincerity, justice and responsibility should guide researcher-researcher relationships meaning there should be no criticism. It should not be based on polemic, personal biases or collective interests. Professional ethics means accuracy in data collection, data processing and application of relevant research methods. In this study, issues related to ethics would be addressed by giving relevant notice to the researched. The study population should also be amicably informed in order to get prepared for the study. To brief respondents is usually important because it could perhaps enhance reliability of the study. It would also be ethical to inform people before proceedin g to reseacrh on them. The findings should always be made public to the researched, as one way of ensuring morality in the study. Furthermore, the researcher should always observe research ethics by keeping away from criticism (Creswell 2003, p 40). Research Design There would be two key methods used to gather information in this proposal. The first one would be through a questionaire, which would be administered online to employees in various companies within the Chinese financial system. The questionaire would seek to capture various attutudes of employees regarding convergence or divergence of Chinese small companies. The questionnaire would have four Parts. The first part would seek to capture the biodata information of respondents. The second part would deal with the demography and gender of the respondents. This would be to ascertain the prevalence of views in varoius categories in order to ensure that if any differences would come about, then they would be captured in their d emographic space. The third part would deal with academic credentials and work experience of employees. The motivation for this section would come from the understanding that different sections of population would respond differently to change, based on age and academic credentials. The fourth part would delve on the specific issues relating to the convergence or divergence of Chinese small companies, starting from the understanding of the concept to the possible effects it would have on the economy. The questionaire would also employ a mix of open ended and closed ended questions to capture different aspects of issues studied. Open ended questions would be used because they give respondents more time to figure out their opinions, which would make them volunteer more information related to feelings, outlooks and comprehension of the subject. This would allow the researcher to understand the position of respondents as regards to their feelings towards convergence or divergence of Chi nese small companies (Wittner 2003, p. 12). Open ended questions would minimize some errors that could have been created in the course of research. Respondents would rarely forget answers if given an opportunity to respond freely. Furthermore, respondents could not ignore some questions because they must go through all of them. Open ended questions would generate data that could be used in data analysis by other researchers. In other words, they would allow secondary data analysis. On the other hand, closed-ended questions would be analyzed easily. That is why they would be used in this study. Each response could be coded for statistical interpretation. Nonetheless, closed-ended questions would be compatible with computer analysis package. The technique would be more specific meaning that its answers would be consistent in all conditions. This aspect would be impossible with open-ended questions because each respondent would be allowed to use his or her own words. Finally, closed-en ded questions would take less time to administer unlike open-ended questions, which would be detailed hence time consuming (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009, p. 11). Rationale The questionnaire would be sent to respondents through the internet that is, the researcher would mail the questions to respective respondents. The researcher arrived at this decision after considering time and reseources. The method is costless and less time consuming. Furthmore, the method would allow respondents to reflect on the questions and answer them accurately. Employing research assistants would be problematic because of the complexity of the study. Many people would be reluctant to give their views freely. The method is ineffective because answers would not be independent. The respondent could not have filled the questions personally. Moreover, the method would be affected by the respondent’s level of literacy. One big disadvantage of the technique is that there would be no interaction between the researcher and the researched. This would mean that respondent’s reactions would not be captured. Reactions are important because they give more information regarding the feelings of respondents. Therefore, it was justifiable for the researcher to employ interviews to reinforce the survey method. Generally, the survey technique is considered more applicable where the researcher is interested in numbers, not deep feelings of the respondent. In this study, the researcher would be interested in identifying the number of employees who feel convergence or divergence of Chinese small companies would be the suitable method of acquiring global economic advantage (Xenos Moy 2007, p 34). List of References Blumberg, C Schindler, D 2008, Business Research Methods, New York, McGraw-Hill. Creswell, J 2003, Research design: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches, Sage, Thousand Oaks. Crotty, M 2003, The Foundations of Social Research: meaning and perspective in the research process, Sage, London. Hakim, C 2000, Research Design: Sucessful Designs for Social and Economic Research, Routledge, New York. Kothari, R 2004, Research methodology: methods and techniques, New Age International, New Delhi. Saunders, M, Lewis, P Thornhill, A 2009, Research Methods for Business Students, Prentice Hall, Harlow. Seglin, J. 2003, The Right Thing: Conscious, Profit and Personal Responsibility in Today’s Business, Spiro Press, New York. Taylor, S 2007, Business Statistics, Palgrave Basingstoke. Wittner, P 2003, The European Generics Outlook: A Country-by-Country Analysis of Developing Market Opportunities and Revenue Defense Strategies, Datamonitor, London. Xenos, M Moy, P 2007, Direct and differential effects of the internet on political and civic engagement, Journal of communication, Vol. 57, no. 1, p 34.

Ethnic Identity in Social, Political and Economic Life Coursework

Ethnic Identity in Social, Political and Economic Life - Coursework Example The value of ethnic identity in the context of social, political and economic life is reviewed in this paper. Efforts are made so that the influence of ethnic identity on ethnic affiliations is clearly described. The various assumptions developed in regard to this issue, as identified in the relevant literature, are compared. It is made clear that ethnic identity is a core part of modern social, political and economic life but its power to influence key social, political and economic decisions worldwide is differentiated, a fact probably related to the different perceptions of people in each state in regard to the context of ethnic identity and its requirements, meaning the terms under which ethnic identity can be considered as secured. Also, different levels of freedom exist internationally in regard to the potential limitations of ethnic identity, a fact leading often too severe social, political and economic conflicts, either in the internal and the external environment of modern states.   The representation of ethnic identity in a variety of social, political and economic activities is extensive. Moreover, the literature published in this field leads to the assumption that the forms of ethnic identity in social, political and economic life can vary. Reference can be made for instance to the relationship between identity and language. In accordance with Fishman and Garcia (2010), identity is reflected in a series of identity practices, including specific linguistic choices (Fishman and Garcia 40). These identify practices, if viewed as a unit, constitute ethnicity, as a social phenomenon.

The Russian Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Russian Revolution - Essay Example The thirst for equal opportunities that the French Revolution inculcated in people also was one of the major reasons for the development and growth of democratic institutions of power in the world. This was seen in another revolution that took place during the twentieth century, the Russian Revolution that ended the reign of the tsars in Russia and paved the way for governments that would be based on the consent of the people of Russia. The Russian Revolution managed not only to wrest power from the Tsar but also to place it in the hands of the Bolsheviks and not in the hands of any emperor as in the case of the French Revolution when power finally ended up in the hands of Napoleon, who in a sense perverted the goals of the revolution by installing himself as the emperor of France and not upholding the ideals of the French Revolution. There are several similarities between the Russian and the French Revolutions. Both were very important events in their own times and were important in shaping the future of the world. The Russian revolution not only affirmed the world’s growing faith in democracy and rejection of autocracy but also signaled a willingness to focus on the welfare of the masses of a nation and not on the diplomatic concerns of a country. The unwillingness of the Russian people to be a part of wars was seen in the lack of popular support for the First World War and the dissent that had started to breed in the masses after the setbacks that Russia had to face during the First World War. This is similar to the French revolution in two ways. The French revolution too had a great impact on the world and its main rival, Britain felt the shockwaves of the revolution throughout the period of the Regency and the Victorian age. The fear of a revolution can be seen in the literature of this period that in some cases valorizes the revolution and in others mocks and satirizes it as an ineffectual tool for social change. The French Revolution with its slog an of â€Å"Liberte, egalite, fraternite† (liberty, equality and fraternity) caused people around the world to harbor dreams of a utopia where the lords and the peasants would be able to live as equals and share the produce of the land equally with enough for all. Like the French Revolution which made not only the French but also people of other countries clamor for freedom from autocracy, the Russian Revolution too made the claims for freedom that countries under the yoke of imperialism had been making for many years. Apart from this, the resentment of the French public was due not only to the misery that they were facing but also due to the recognition that their country had been spending their money unwisely by helping the Americans in their war for independence. This expenditure was thought of as a waste of money by thy emergent class of the bourgeois who were at the forefront of the revolution. As in the French Revolution, it was a concern for the faltering economy of th e country that was one of the major reasons for the Russian Revolution. The emergence of a bourgeois mentality in the people can be considered as a reason for the sudden uprisings that took place during this time even though the Bolsheviks were overtly Marxist in their approach to the topic of governance. Awareness and concern regarding the manner in which the national revenues were being spent and dealt with, is an indication of the increasing desire for control that the middle classes of both France and Russia felt during their respective

Instructional strategies & approaches Essay Example for Free

Instructional strategies approaches Essay The beginning of the 20th century marked the focus on problem-based learning. This is the strategy that I would like to implement in the classroom. As what most teachers generally agree, problem solving together with several other core competencies (i. e. comprehending and composing, critical and creative thinking, and metacognition) is among the most important dimensions of thinking and learning (Jonassen,1994). Moreover, the ability to engage in effective and purposeful problem solving is critical to the development of individuals and their communities. As what Nickerson (1994) argues, problem solving is (1) at the core of the survival of individuals and communities interacting with an increasingly complex external environment; (2) essential to developing and sustaining a democratic society, and; (3) an increasingly sought-after high level cognitive ability in the knowledge workplace of today. But despite the acknowledgement of the importance of developing problem solving skills, relatively little research has been conducted on this theme in the field of instructional design (Jonassen, 1994). Moreover, within the existing research base, even fewer contributions have been made to the development of instructional design approaches for ill-structured or complex problem solving instruction. The majority of the instructional design literature in the area of problem solving instruction points to the use of particular instructional strategies to support the acquisition of problem solving skills (e. g. cognitive apprenticeships and simulations). However, these strategies have rarely been researched with sufficient rigor to ascertain their effectiveness in achieving the desired outcomes (Nickerson, 1994). Recent literature has dedicated a fair amount of attention to considering the methods for applying problem-based learning as an instructional strategy in the context of primary and secondary school contexts (Ennis, 1987; Baron R. J. Sternberg, 1998). The majority of this work has approached the application of problem-based learning to formal instruction from a conceptual or theoretical standpoint, with little reporting on empirical research studying the effectiveness of this approach. Research findings on learner performance The existing research on learner performance in problem-based learning environments is characterized in a number of ways: (1) most of the research conducted to date compares the impact of problem-based learning on learner performance to the instructional strategies that characterize traditional, classroom-based teaching. (2) The research studies tend to focus primarily on learner performance on standardized tests, rather than performance in complex and authentic transfer contexts, and (3) the studies generally measure performance in terms of outcome measures rather than process-measures of performance. In this context, the research on the impact of problem-based learning on student performance has generally shown that there are no statistically significant differences in learner performance when compared to performance of learners receiving lecture-based instruction (Bransford, et al. 1990). Student perceptions of the effectiveness of problem-based learning on their performance appears to be consistent with the general research findings. Although only one research study was identified regarding student perceptions of the effectiveness of problem based learning, it is worthwhile noting that in this study, students pointed to problem-based learning as a more effective method of instruction than traditional, lecture-based methods, while qualifying their observations by noting that traditional teaching methods are more effective for knowledge acquisition (Biggs Moore, 1993). Research findings on student attitudes There are a number of other research studies, in which students in problem-based learning environments reported significantly higher levels of motivation and satisfaction and where it is reported that problem-based learning enhances intrinsic interest in the subject matter to a greater extent than traditional instructional methods (Savery, 1992). Given the general finding that learners in problem-based learning environments report more positive attitudes and higher levels of motivation, it is important to consider the factors learners attribute to their favorable disposition toward problem-based learning. Research conducted by Wilson (1995) provides some insight into this, reporting that students in problem-based learning curricula perceived their curriculum to be more stimulating and enjoyable than traditional instructional methods. In addition, research conducted by Bransford, et al.(1990) reports that students in problem-based learning environments rated their curriculum more favorably for democratic decision making, and for supporting effective interaction among peers. Another issue of relevance to effective design of problem-based learning environments is the extent to which various instructional support tools and mechanisms are provided to learners through this strategy. Research conducted by Biggs Moore (1993) found that students tend to rely on different instructional support tools at different stages in their learning process. In their study, Biggs Moore (1993) found that the four most meaningful elements impacting the students’ learning processes were (1) learning materials, (2) small-group process, (3) facilitator effectiveness, and (4) academic support. Furthermore, the study found that these four factors shifted in relative importance as the students progressed through the curriculum, with facilitator effectiveness being of greatest importance at the outset, while learning materials were the most important factor in determining learning success toward the end of the instruction. This finding appears to be generally consistent with the theory underscoring problem-based learning, which argues that, as students develop greater independent ability to engage in effective hypothetico-deductive reasoning, their reliance on the facilitator for this kind of support will be reduced. Problem-based learning is one constructivist instructional strategy that has shown much promise in its application to disciplines and domains where learners have to tackle complex problems in ambiguous situations. This approach to instruction â€Å"structures courses and entire curricula on problems rather than on subject content† (Ericsson Hastie, 1994)). Hence, problem – based learning strategy is appropriate in any circumstance of the teaching-learning process as life is always full of problems. There will always be problems. If a learner knows the technique of problem solving, he will be able to tackle whatever difficulties he meets. Further, this strategy gives direction to a discussion and prevents wandering off from the topic. It stimulates reflective thinking and furnishes a guide for organizing ideas. It directs attention to the task to be done and encourages concentration. The implementation issues surrounding the use of problem-based learning involves both the teacher, as he has to guide the pupil’s learning, and the learner’s, as they may not be able to recognize the problem without the teacher’s guidance. To raise the problem, the teacher must set the stage. The teacher should assist them by directing their observation to related data and recalling past experiences that have a bearing on the problem. The next issue is working on the problem. This involves organization of facts, principles, and ideas pertinent to the problem, selecting a hypothesis and trying it out, gathering data through reading, observing, etc. , evaluating the solution, and forming a conclusion. Hence, in implementing the problem- based learning strategy, the teacher directs the learning while the learners do the work. As a conclusion, problem-based learning strategies should be used as the need and situation arises. But a word of caution, however: Some teachers try to look for problems in every subject so that they can present the lesson in probable form. This will tend to make learning too stilted and formal. Besides, a problem will be considered as such by the pupils only if it is real and worthwhile. Further, what the teacher thinks of as a problem may not always be one to the class. To the pupils, it may just be a task or exercise assigned by the teacher. Hence, this strategy should be used only when: 1. A difficulty exists which demands solution and is thought provoking. 2. The problem is clear, definite, suitable to the level of the learner, and of practical value. 3. It is real, interesting, and worthwhile to the learner. In order to use the problem-based strategy, these are the essential steps to follow: (1) recognition and statement of the problem, originating in a difficulty or perplexing situation, (2) statement of hypothesis – inspection and proposal of solutions, (3) critical evaluation of suggested solution, and (4) verification of accepted solution. There may be several basic problem-solving approaches that have emerged and although teachers stress one specific approach to solve problems, students often use a variety of approaches, especially with more complex problems. In this regard, the teacher must be aware of how their students process information and what approaches they use to solve problems in order to teach according to the way the students think. The teacher who insists on one approach and penalizes students who uses other approaches is discouraging their problem-solving potential. Problem-solving must be part of the teachers` instructional strategies. They should consider it as a commitment and complementary to the teaching-learning process. References Biggs, J.B. Moore, P. J. (1993). The process of learning. New York: Prentice Hall Borich, G (2004). Effective teaching methods (5th ed. ). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Bransford, J. D. ; Vye, N. ; Kinzer, C. ; Risko, V. (1990). Teaching thinking and content knowledge. In: B. F. Jones L. Idol (Eds), Dimensions of thinking and cognitive instruction. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Ennis, R. H. (1987). A taxonomy of critical thinking dispositions and abilities. In: J. B. Baron R. J.Sternberg (Eds), Teaching thinking skills: Theory and practice. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. Ericsson, K. A. Hastie, R. (1994). Contemporary approaches to the study of thinking and problem Academic Press. solving. In: R. J. Sternberg (Ed), Thinking and problem solving. (2nd ed) San Diego: Jonassen, D. (1994). Designing constructivist learning environments. In C. Reigeluth (Ed. ), Instructional design theories and models: A new paradigm of instructional theory (Vol. II,). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Nickerson, R.S. (1994). The teaching of thinking and problem solving. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed), Thinking and problem solving. (2nd ed) San Diego: Academic Press. Nickerson, R. S. (1994). The teaching of thinking and problem solving. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed), Thinking and problem solving. (2nd ed) San Diego: Academic Press. Savery, J. R. Duffy, T. M. (1992). Problem-based learning: An instructional model and its constructivist framework. Wilson, B. (1995). Constructivist Learning Environments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.

Unidentified Flying Objects: Fact or Fiction? :: essays papers

Unidentified Flying Objects: Fact or Fiction? Unidentified flying objects, or UFOs, as they're fondly called, are one of the century's most intriguing and controversial mysteries. Since ancient times, UFOs of all types have been accounted for. More today than ever, hundreds of thinkers, theologians, and scientists have tried to answer why there are or whether there aren't UFOs. According to some, the speculation that UFOs are alien spacecrafts from another world is an absurd and foolish proposal. Others vehemently disagree and assert that extraterrestrial life is not only possible, but such life forms may be superior, technologically advanced beings who visit our Earth regularly. Are these "flying saucers" a figment of our imagination? Or, are they a genuine reality we prefer to dismiss because we fear the scary truth that we are not the only master race? Are we hesitant because society dubs such "immature" psycho tantamount to subscribing to belief in ghosts? These are a few of the many pertinent UFO questions the mature individual must address. One of the most popular theories that support and explains the existence of alien beings is the ancient astronaut theory. This theory contains three main schools of thought. The first states that aliens bred with our primitive forebears thereby creating modern man. The second is quite similar. Aliens performed genetic engineering on apes thereby creating the Homo Sapiens and man's intelligence. The third, and least accepted, is that colonists from another galaxy came to Earth, mated with the primitives and established a high level of culture, before being destroyed by some natural catastrophe. And upon this catastrophe and destruction, we build and grow (Fitzgerald 1). Berossus, a Babylonian scholar, may have been the first astronaut historian. He said that " animals endowed with reason" bestowed the Sumerian culture before 3000 BCE. The Sumerians, along with their cultural inheritors, the Babylonians, never referred to such beings as gods. Rather they were depicted as "disgusting abominations," a description only deserved by uninvited alien visitors (2). One step further takes the astronaut theory and surmises that with it, we can understand the later religious cultures, such as the Hebrews who are thought to have borrowed much of Sumerian practice. Such religions and secret societies, with their elaborate and complicated rituals may actually be "preserving from a previous epoch fragments of an esoteric and little understood knowledge, just as the Egyptian, Hebrew, and Mayan priests guarded in their temples the inspired word of their self-possessed creators (3)." Alien originators may have set down certain

Medical Record Keeping

What are the problems with America’s current medical recordkeeping system? How would electronic medical records alleviate these problems? The majority of America’s current medical record keeping is paper based which creates a lot of problems like:- a. Recordkeeping became really difficult with growing numbers of patients and their visits to Medical Practitioner. There are shelves full of folders and papers in corridors. b. It makes it difficult to effective communication, referring and access to the records. During emergency it could be the matter of life and death. c.It’s difficult to systematically examine and to share the information; the updating of these records is almost a challenge. There are cases of wrong entry and duplicate entries etc. d. When a patient changes a Doctor or moves to other problems, it becomes a hassle for patient as well as for Doctor. The electronic medical records will allow patients to enter their basic medical data into an online si te initially and after that Doctor also will be able to send relevant information for regular update. This system will make record keeping more effective and streamlined which are easily accessible.The use of electronic record keeping reduces errors in medical records. The handwritten records are subject to lots of human errors due to misspelling, illegibility, and differing terminologies. Thus digitations and standardisation of records will make the information universally accessible and cost effective too. Apart from this, it could also be used for remainder message for refilling of prescription, directories for doctors and personalised health advice. 2. What are the pros and cons of electronic patient records? Do you think the concerns over digitizing our medical records are valid?Why or why not? The main proponents of electronics patient record cite the following advantages: a. The electronics patient records reduce errors in medical records. With the use of electronics patient records standardization of patient health records may eventually become achievable. b. Paper records can be easily lost. Digital records can be stored virtually forever and can be kept long after the physical records are gone. Electronics patient records also help keep records of health information that patients tend to forget with time, i. e. inoculations, previous illnesses and medications. . Electronics patient records make health care cost-efficient by consolidating all data in one place. Previously, paper-based records are located in different places and getting access to all of them takes a lot of time and money. d. Electronics patient records can save lives. It enables rapid identification of at-risk patients and access to their medical history, thereby enabling rapid diagnosis and treatment especially in emergency situations. Classic examples are people with diabetes and/or heart problems who have high risk of collapsing and having attacks.The disadvantages of Electronics pa tient records: Electronics patient records threaten privacy. Many people are uncomfortable about having their entire medical history recorded and digitized for almost just anybody to see – in other words, incursion into people's privacy. a. Medical data can be used against a person in some cases, be it for a job application, insurance coverage or a college scholarship. Although it is against the law to discriminate against people with illnesses and disabilities, it is a fact of life that the fitter you are, the more competitive you are in the job market. . Electronics patient records can lead to loss of the human touch in health care. In the process of digitalization, the interpersonal aspect in health care may be lost. The doctors are forced to think in categories and can seldom express a personal opinion on an individual case. c. Electronics patient records are not that efficient. Despite efforts in digitalization and standardization, but sometimes one clinic's EMR system i s not compatible with that of a general practitioner or another clinic's system, thus belying the claim of added efficiency d.Electronic medical records are not safe and secure. Google Health and HealthVault are quick in assuring patients of the safety of their online health accounts. Stories of data hacking, stolen identities and blackmail abound. Even high security databases such as those run by banks and credit institutions are often compromised. 3. Should people entrust Google with their electronic medical records? Why or why not? People should adopt Google’s electronic medical records as it allows patients to control their medical records.If they decide to change doctors or hospitals, they will be able to electronically transfer their Google records by themselves. There are a lot of advantages that has been discussed in above questions which will benefit people and the whole system. Some concerns like privacy and security of data is restricting people to adopt this; they wonder whether hackers will be able to access the Google medical records or whether the company will use them commercially. Google has assured that it will not share or sell the data, and it's absurd to think Google would attempt to use medical records for commercial purposes.Further, hacking into hospital, small clinic, or family practice computer systems is far easier that going after Google's data centre. Google’s reassurances that its security is iron-tight and that businesses and individuals should have confidence in its ability to store and protect data. Based on these facts people should trust Google with their records. 4. If you were in charge of designing an electronic medical recordkeeping system, what are some features you would include? What are features you would avoid? The features which should be included in an electronic record keeping system are: a.It should store and manage the medical and health information in one central place. b. It should be personalize d i. e. the patient decides what goes on the record. c. It can give doctors fast and easy access to the patient’s records but only if the patient allows it. d. It can import electronic records from hospitals and pharmacies that are Google Health-enabled or are registered Google Health partners. e. It should be completely free. f. It should be secure. g. The system will have record standardization and interfaces can be customized to each provider environment.This customization should be done so that a physician's input interface closely mimics previously utilized paper forms. More time must be spent by both the implementation team and the healthcare provider to understand the workflow needs. h. All together features that should be included are security, universal standards for gathering, storing, and disseminating data, and universal standards for transmission technologies. Some features to be avoided are unrestricted access to data and unencrypted transmissions.