Procedures in Making the Soap Out of Pineapple Peel Essay

Last month, I and my group decided to pick â€Å"Pineapple skin extract as soap† as our I.P title yet we are unaware of the things that might come our way. We are planning to conduct an experiment tomorrow using the procedures that we guess will work.We have separate procedures for our ingredients: For our pineapple skin extract 1)Cut the pineapple skin into one-inch squares with a sharp knife. 2)Put the pineapple skins in a pot. Add water until the skins are barely covered. 3)Cover the pot with a lid and put it on the stove at medium-high heat. Allow the water to boil for 20 minutes. 4)Remove the pot from the stove. Strain the mixture through a strainer. Discard the skins and put the liquid in a clean container. 5)Cover the container and keep it in the refrigerator. For our lye 1. Get the ingredients and equipments ready: You would need the following things to try your hand at making lye: two plastic buckets (a small one and a large one ? The small one should fit into the large one in such a way that liquid from the small one drips slowly into the large one); some fresh ash from burning hard wood (you can even burn some hard wood to get this); gallons of rain water and a handful of straw. Now to the step-by-step process: 2. Make a few holes in the small bucket. Better if the holes are tiny enough to allow only liquid stuff through. Check after you make holes by pouring some water through the bucket. 3. Now set the small bucket inside the large bucket. See to it that there is some space between the base of the small bucket and the large one. This is important as liquid should drip through holes drop by drop and not smudge the bottom of the small bucket. 4. Place the straw you have inside the small bucket and hide the holes with the straw. Lye water, when formed, will seep through the holes only through the straw. This would prevent other hard blocks of wood or ash from collecting directly into the large bucket. 5. Now place the wood ash above the straw and pour cold water over it. Ensure that the ash is above the straw and not directly near the holes. The straw base will act as a filter and prevent wood ash from flowing down with water. 6. As you pour the water slowly, you will see liquid lye dripping through the holes in the small bucket and getting collected in the large bucket. 7. Once all the water is poured onto ash, repeat the process with the liquid collected in the large bucket. Pour the collected lye solution onto the wood ash (above the straw) once again. Repeat and recycle the lye solution at least three times. This is done to concentrate the lye solution. 8. After repeating the process, you can collect the lye solution from the large bucket and store it in another plastic or wooden container and use it in soap making. Avoid metal utensils as it can result in increase in temperature of lye. 9. Before storing lye, test its strength. In olden days, people tested lye with fresh egg. If a fresh egg floats near the surface of the solution with a little lye water above it, your lye is of right strength. If the same egg drowned, your lye lacks strength. If the egg floated above the solution, then it is too strong. 10. If your lye lacks strength, add more wood ash and repeat the process with the same solution. If it is too strong, add water and check the strength with the egg again. You can keep adding water till you are certain that your lye is of the appropriate strength.

Integrated Marketing Communication Essay

Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) is a term used to describe the communication tools which help channel the messages intended by the marketers through various tools and with the usage of comprehensive plans and schemes that incorporate the objectives of a marketing campaigns. (Belch GE, Belch MA, 2008). IMC is a discipline which seeks to develop the marketing strategies which help promote a good or a service in the desired way which marketers want and works to ensure that the methods used to do so are in lined with the customs and traditions of the place where marketing and promotion of a certain product is being done. (Kitchen P & Pelsmacke PD 2004). IMC, tactically is a way of putting together the functions of marketing into one single form and using the marketing techniques and methods to achieve the desired level of response from the target customers. IMC involves combination of strategies which are used to communicate the messages of marketers with the use of various sources and methods. IMC strategies start from designing the product, analyzing the target market, conducting researches, budgeting and planning, overcoming the technological and cultural barriers and hence communicating the product to prospects. IMC operates in macro and micro environments which mean the outer and inner spheres of an organisation and the immediate context of communication in an organisation respectively. The example of macro environment in IMC is the use of consumer magazines. These magazines provide a way of fine communication amongst the people and the organisations. To consumers, magazines are a source of boredom alleviation and a hind sight to know about the product which the organisation wants to sell. They perform the function of awareness for the consumers and help the organisation understand the changing demands of the customers. (Kitchen P & Pelsmacke PD 2004) Magazines being easy to use, mobile and flexible to read are the vast effecting medium of communication used by the organisations. Some famous magazines like Readers Digest, New York Times display the example of widely read and used magazines. The Tools of Integrated Marketing Communication: There are seven basic tools employed by IMC to perform the function of communication. In order to understand them, understanding communication is more important. Communication can be defined as a process in which a sender and receiver involve in the activity of sending and receiving a ‘message’ through a certain ‘channel’. Feedback is the result of communication process which a receiver sends to a sender. (Schultz DE, Tannenbaum SI, Lauterborn RF, 1993). The marketing communication mix includes Advertisements, Sale Promotion, Personal Selling (PR), Sponsorship, Packaging and Direct Marketing (DM). These tools together perform the functions of IMC that is to communicate the desired message of marketers to the target audience who are the prospective and potential buyers of the product which is being sold. (Schultz D, Schultz H 2004) These are the six basic communication methods which are used in IMC to communicate to the target audience and help in selling the product to them. (Belch GE, Belch MA, 2008). Drivers of Integrated Marketing Communication: IMC is a discipline which is only a decade old. The old 4Ps of marketing mix, that are, product, price, place, promotion have all been combined into one P, i. . , Promotion. Its promotion of the product which needs the basic communication processes and for which organisations incur huge expenses with one single target. (Pickton D, Broderick A, 2005). They need their product to be known and they want it be sold. Previously, marketing the product was the function of marketing department of an organisation only. (Cornelissen, P. J. & Lock, R. A. 2000). Organisations used to contact agencies to have their product promoted amongst the masses and to let the customers be aware of their existence in the market. (Schultz, D.  E. 1996). PR that existed in those days too, but marketers and organisations over looked the fact that they can amalgamate both the functions and enhance further tools to achieve better results in the field of marketing communications. Globalization has made competition severe and tough. Organisations now bring offers for the customer which can not only satisfy their prospect customers but also delight them. In this endeavour, the organisations work hard to make sure that their product is communicated properly and the customers are aware of their presence. Schultz DE, Tannenbaum SI, Lauterborn RF, 1993). Introducing promotional schemes and introducing personal selling with the help of attractive packaging and designs, products speak volumes about themselves, and expertise in PR, Sponsors, Personal selling and glamorous yet classy adverts in print, electronic mediums have paved way for marketers to enhance their marketing campaigns and their marketing plans. All of this is possible only when the concept of completion is hatched. (Percy L, 2008) Barriers to Integrated Marketing Communication:  Even though IMC has opened avenues for organisations to conduct businesses world wide, there are few barriers which have to be encountered while using IMC methods. The most important issue is high costs. Advertisements and sponsorships land down heavy on organisations. Advertisements are expensive, and have to be made with careful vigilance to ensure that the adverts communicate the desired message properly. Sponsorship is costly for the organisations and it has to be done for few activities and has to be done very carefully. Hence budgeting is one of the prime barriers as it comes to allotting a considerable chunk of finances to marketing communications. (Pickton D, Broderick A, 2005). Organisational structure is one barrier too. Some organisations are rigid in their structures and they tend to stay the same. (Pickton D, Broderick A, 2005). IMC tackles with the integration of all the departments together to work in a cohesive and coordinated environment. If organisations do not want to change their structure, IMC will be futile to implement and they won’t enjoy the benefits of it. Schultz D, Schultz H 2004) Some internal and external factors also tend to hamper the activities of IMC. Culture can be one of them. It is very important for the organisation and the agency to know what promotional scheme they are using and whether it is in alignment with the culture existing in a country. Wrong wordings or inappropriate signs can disrupt the image of the organisation and people of the country can sue the company too. Such precautions have to be taken in account and can become a barrier to IMC. (Smith PR, Taylor J, 2004) Integrated Marketing Communications and the Academic Acceptance: IMC has emerged as a discipline in the last decade. The new subject has come to be of great importance for the marketers and organisational managers who want to take full benefit of Integrated Marketing Communications. (Schultz DE & Kitchen P 1998, p 7-19). The in coherent and uncoordinated departments of the organisations can now assimilate together to produce synergies and can work together to have their product sold in the market. (Percy L, 2008) IMC promotes focus of customer on the product. With the use of various methods and careful planning like the use of AIDA model, FCB Grid marketers can ensure that customers have their complete focus on the product they are trying to sell. After all, marketing is all about communication. (Percy L, 2008) (Cornelissen, P. J. & Lock, R. A. 2000, p 7-15). In academic arena, IMC has created a benchmark for the people as this new discipline has created avenues for further enhancements in marketing techniques. (Schultz DE, Tannenbaum SI, Lauterborn RF, 1993). Even though few marketers believe that IMC is no different from normal marketing activities and it is more or less same, but the question is: ‘Is IMC no different from Marketing? ’ (O’Brien EM & Hart SJ 1999, p 77-89) The questions needs to be addressed, and the answer to it is that Marketing is different from IMC. Marketing differs from IMC because: †¢ Marketing deals with only one aspect of promotion, just as a ‘P’ of the marketing mix. It does not co ordinate promotion as a part of communication process. Promotional techniques are limited to personal selling and sales promotions. (Schultz D, Schultz H 2004) IMC takes cultural differences while designing the marketing campaign in order to avoid. It also helps reduce the incoherency in organization by creating cross functional teams in organization so that the employees in the organization work hand in hand towards the product communication and creating synergy and increasing customer focus. (Percy L, 2008) Considering these factors, we can assumed and said that IMC must be accepted a separate discipline and it has its own importance which can be seen in today’s world where marketing process has been ignited with raging competition. (Schultz D, Schultz H 2004)

Educational Opportunities for Homeless Children Essay

Educational Opportunities for Homeless Children - Essay Example In addition, in any state with a compulsory residency requirement, an attempt should be made to revise such laws. Homeless children and youth should have equal opportunity to meet the same challenging State student academic achievement standards as other students. According to Sec. 725-2 of the Act, homeless children and youth are those who do not have a regular and adequate nighttime residence or have a primary nighttime residence in a supervised public or private shelter on a temporary basis. This definition goes on to include: Homeless children should be eligible for all services offered by the local school district in which they are residing and efforts are being made at present to update the Act (U.S. Government, 2001; Federal, 2007). In this election year, it is important to be aware of the education policy of the candidates. One problem that arises in the effort to meet the needs of homeless children is finding the children who are considered homeless and bringing them into the mainstream (Harris 2002). How do homeless children come to the attention of schools According to Harris, the temporary aspect of their lifestyle makes it difficult to give these children the proper benefits. Even if they are brought into a school, it is likely they will have to move on more than once before they can take advantage of available opportunities. Another problem in some districts is the lack of keeping records and being unaware of the number of homeless children eligible for assistance. Many students, Harris notes, have difficulty enrolling in a school without an address, a birth certificate, or immunization records, even though this is not acceptable according to the Act. Also, sufficient staff to offer personal assistance to children in need is often not available. An article by online journalist Beth Hawkins (2008) notes the embarrassment homeless children feel at knowing they are different from their classmates and describes one resolution in Minneapolis where homeless children are picked up by a bus at a central location and dropped off at school just like other students. Unfortunately, Hawkins says, even though the homeless children are absorbed into the mainstream, the problem remains hidden from the general public, and several Minnesota districts have started programs aimed at doing a better job of helping homeless children without focusing undue attention on them. Why homeless One reason for homelessness is family poverty. Children cannot participate in some school projects because their family has little money and may be living in a shelter. Another reason, perhaps the main reason, according to Hawkins, is single mothers who are destitute and often lack education needed to find employment or lack childcare opportunities because they do not have a place to live. Although some are in shelters, some are on the street or living in a car. Also, migrant parents often do not have a permanent address. Some school districts are reluctant to address the needs of homeless child

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 25

Reading response - Essay Example Such portraits provided a chance for an individual to self-express and self-seek (Rosen 866). However, there has been a drastic change in form of self-expression. The change has occurred through emergence of numerous social sites. The most common social sites are listed as MySpace and Facebook. The sites offer an opportunity for the viewers to look at individual life as well as offer comments on such life expressed through online community (Rosen 866). As a result, the author notes that these sites are used by individuals mostly to get attention. On the other hand, the author provides a history perspective of the online social networks. These networks are shown to change and emerge as time progresses. The earliest online social networks are listed as the Bulletin Board systems said to have started in 1980,s (Rosen 867). The network provided a platform for users to send public messages, send and receive private messages, as well as exchange of software (Rosen 867). However, more pronounces social sites emerged in the 21st century. Such sites include Friendster, MySpace, and Facebook. The sites attracted millions of uses in this era. Other social sites are expected to emerge in the future. On the other hand, social sites are shown to play various roles in the society. First, the sites have been shown to provide an opportunity for those that make it in life to get attention. Moreover, the sites have also laid a platform for advertisers to market their products such as record labels and film studios (Rosen 868). These sites are also shown to play a significant role in politics. Politicians are shown to use sites to enlist followers and express their policies. Additionally, the author offers a comparative analysis of the popular social sites. The most popular are shown to be MySpace and Facebook. The sites are shown to be simple in setting online identity (Rosen 869). On the other hand, majority of Americans are shown to be a heavy

Capitalization and Depreciation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Capitalization and Depreciation - Research Paper Example If a company, for example, pays $20,000 in cash for equipment, its financial statements will not show that it spent $20,000. The statement will instead show that it converted $20,000 cash into $20,000 worth of equipment which is an asset. Expensing costs refers to reporting them on the income statements as outflows of money. When a company pays $12,000 for rent arrears, its financial statements indicate that money has been spent. Expenses decrease a companys profit or net income. The more costs businesses capitalize on rather than expense, the higher the profits they report to shareholders (Bragg 2007). GAAP refers business assets as the things the business controls or owns and have measurable economic value. When something does not fit in the description of an asset, it cannot be capitalized. Buildings, land, equipment, stocks, bonds, and items held in the inventory have future economic value that is measurable hence can be capitalized as assets. Other costs incurred in advertising, research, development, and marketing should be expensed. Although such costs are meant to produce future value, such value cannot be measured or evaluated at present (Jarnagin 2006). GAAP enables a company to capitalize the costs of acquiring assets and preparing them for use. Suppose a production company purchases a $13 million machine from a manufacturer in Italy. The company can capitalize on the buying price of the machine and also capitalize on the costs incurred in transporting the equipment from Italy. Assemblage costs, costs due to necessary modifications on the machine, taxes and tariffs paid for the equipment can be included on the capitalized costs. On smaller scale businesses, if a factory buys $98 in stock for investment intentions and pays a $1 commission, the company can capitalize on the full cost of acquisition cost: $99 (Weiss 2006). When companies capitalize on assets, it does not mean or refer

International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International business - Essay Example Combustible energy sources like coal, oil and wood emit environmental pollutants and contaminants. Only those sources that offer minimal contamination to the environment are deemed acceptable if they are to be sustainable. The sun is the cleanest source of energy with its free-of-charge irradiation and easy access all over the world. The sun’s irradiation can be converted to usable energy via hybrid conversion, simultaneously, into electrical and thermal energy (Afgan, 2008: p240). This involves the use of hybrid collectors that differ from thermal collectors due to the construction of their absorber, with solar cells, water flow tubes, and a metal system. The collectors can be used in hospitals, private companies and small industries. Compared to ordinary solar panels, the hybrid collector ensures better usage of space, savings during construction and the simultaneous conversion of solar energy into electric and thermal, current using one device. They are contemporary and eco logically clean. Sustainable development can be defined as the as the integral cultural, social, technological, and economic development that is adjusted to the requirements of environmental protection, thus enabling present and future generations to satisfy their needs and improve their quality of life (Afgan, 2008: p242). The underlying principle of sustainable development is the creation of an effectual system of distribution and application of resources over the long-term. Sustainable development focuses on the rational use of the earth’s natural treasures, with the concept oriented towards life upgrading and improvement of environmental quality. In order to accomplish sustainable development, there is a need to provide sustainable energy. This means that future development needs to be based on the lowering and strict control of environmental emissions and the use of renewable and clean energy (Afgan, 2008: p243). The cleanest source of energy that can aid in the achievem ent of this goal is solar energy. For five billion years, the sun has been sustaining and enabling life on earth. The sun’s rays have provided energy for growth, as well as development, of plants via the process of photosynthesis. Now, it is time for the sun to power our industries and drive development around the world as a sustainable energy source. Key Words; Solar energy, solar collectors, sustainable development 1. SUSTAINABILITY Solar energy is one of the main sources of clean and sustainable fuels. The main source of power or the fuel is suns rays that falls on the earth. Solar collector that is used to generate power using suns rays is essentially a sustainable system. The main reason as to why this is called sustainable is that the energy source continues to provide limitless energy. Unlike finite sources of power such as oil or coal, there is no depletion of power. While creating energy, carbon is mot emitted in significant quantity. It is true that some amount of c arbon is released and conventional power consumed while making the solar panels and solar cells and while manufacturing components such as solar collectors, inverters, batteries, electrical lines and cables and other such components. However, these are one-time costs only. The process of power generation and consumption remains sustainable and perennial. It meets the definition of sustainability where the needs of the present are met and the needs of the future generations are not compromised. There is almost zero impact on the environment due

The Film Gods not Dead Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Film Gods not Dead - Essay Example Josh Wheaton, a Christian in college, enrolls for a class of philosophy taught by an atheist Professor, Jeffrey Radisson. The Professor begins his class by listing famous philosophers to show their similarity in belief that God does not exist. In this class, for a student to get the required pass grade, he has to declare through signature that God is dead. This rule is stated by the atheist professor. All the students apart from one, Josh Wheaton, sing the declaration. At this point, josh is at crossroads and has two options to chose from: he should either deny his faith, or chose to fail in this class. It is important that Josh excels in this class if he is to get the entry points to law school. The professor does not just let Josh go. Instead he welcomes him to debate the topic in the presence of the class members who should decide who the winner of the debate is. His arguments should be well researched and he should present them in an intellectual manner. The students go through the first three lectures where the professor invites Josh to convince the class and him that God exists. For the first two debates, Josh does not seem to get any progress as Jeffery counters all his arguments with sensible points of argument. At this point, most of the students including Josh’ girlfriend Kara try to convince him to either follow Jeffrey’s rules or drop out of the class, after all he does not seem to win the argument.

Atallah Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Atallah - Essay Example She says â€Å"I could not resist the soldiers because they might kill me. So what else could I do?† (Henson 36). She had to endure all the hardship together with other women who had been abducted. The Japanese Imperial army had set up com garrisons which housed sex slaves or comfort women, a term commonly used to refer to these women. Slavery as commonly known, the victim is always taken against their will and forced to work or perform acts against their will. Comfort women did not have any control over their sexual activity as all they had to do was to follow orders. These women had to endure painful ordeals of being raped and hit by soldiers. The trauma Maria experienced as a comfort woman affected her for the rest of her life. She notes that one day while she was hanging some clothes to dry, she heard a woman on the radio talking about women who had been raped and her body shook all over (Henson 83). Sexual slavery is a very profound theme in this book and given that it is a woman’s firsthand experience, one gets to see just how much it affects the

Vision of an Ethical Business-(answering the question-what is an Term Paper

Vision of an Ethical Business-(answering the question-what is an ethical business) - Term Paper Example he controversies regarding the moral responsibilities and ethical considerations in the decision making process are the inherent challenges that must be understood in the wider perspectives of business’ vision and mission. The paper would thus, be discussing the most crucial aspects of an ethical business. Consequentialist ethics is defined as the acts or behavior that is determined by the consequences of that act or behavior which generally must be beneficial in content. ‘The principle of utility states that an action is right if it produces the greatest balance of pleasure or happiness and unhappiness in light of alternative actions’ (reading 1, p 3). Popularized as act utilitarian theory, the actions, that are designed to benefit or have beneficial cascading effects on others, are morally and ethically right. Benthams theory is important because it promotes morally correct ethical actions that are designed to maximize happiness for maximum people. According to Act Utilitarian of Jeremy Bentham, an action that results in the happiness of one and all is a good act. Bentham and other utilitarians like Mills found it a revolutionary theory because it reflected ‘human motivation†¦ and it had dear application to political and social problems of their time’ (Reading 1, p 4). In the contemporary times, it becomes highly difficult because of the diverse ideologies and differing value system to satisfy large populace. Indeed, it is one of the crucial compulsions of the globalization that people should strive towards common goals of universal values. Emmanuel Kant believed that the principle of ‘categorical imperative’ can govern all human beings and can be broadly defined as Rules of Universality and Rules of Respect (Reading 1, p 7). The first one makes says that people at all time must act appropriately and the second rules promotes the value of respect and says that well being al all individuals is important and therefore, one should not use others

Impact of Cultural Factors on International Marketing Essay

Impact of Cultural Factors on International Marketing - Essay Example Cultural Theories †¢ Hofstede’s Dimensions A Dutch researcher, Gert Hofstede, after conducting a wide research found that culture possess four important dimensions. They include: †¢ Collectivism vs. Individualism †¢ Masculinity vs. Femininity †¢ Power Distance †¢ Avoidance of Uncertainty Individual vs. Collectivism determines the belief of people in a sense that whether they consider reward and responsibility individual or at larger group level. In country like Japan, it is considered as neutral while U.K, U.S and Netherlands are more inclined towards individualism. West Africa and Indonesia are more concerned in collectivism and receiving responsibility and rewards at larger group level. Products and services which are considered as environmental friendly are considered as more feministic because female gender is more cautious and sensitive about these matters. Power distance refers to segregating individuals on the basis of status and ranks. It is most commonly observed in Arab and Latin American countries. Countries which are more uncertainty avoidance are tend to inclined towards risk averse and those which have lower uncertainty avoidance are considered as more risk tolerant countries. (Onkvisit, 2008)... influence while marketing a brand internationally include: Age Group or Gender Taste preference, and interest of consumers differ with age group and gender. The perspective and attitude of people matters a lot which varies from country to country. Preferences and interest of people living in Latin America will be entirely different from Asian Countries. In this regard, it is essential to localize a product to certain extent so that it can gain popularity in respective country. Population Higher population means bigger market. Therefore, it is essential to consider the tactics of catering mass number of people. The problem that arises with population is that large number of people can have diverse needs. So, it is vital to select a product that fits to the needs of every individual. Educational Background Underdeveloped countries generally possess low rate of literacy as compared to developed countries. Therefore, many products which require higher educational proficiency cannot be su ccessful in countries having lower rate of literacy. Social Class Large population refers to having multi-social classes. Social classes are also called as economic class which means dividing the target market on the basis of their income, education, background etc. Many products are developed for particular social classes for instance products of Apple Inc. cannot be purchased by every social class and are specially designed for elite class of people. Geographical Concentration Geographical concentration is referred to as developing products for specific market condition. Geographical concentration means that every country selects products on the basis of the concentration of demands present in that country for that product. The number of that product will be determined by the society in

Paraphrasing and Summarizing Essay Example for Free

Paraphrasing and Summarizing Essay Paraphrasing is restating someone else’s ideas in your own words while providing proper in-text citations and references to acknowledge the original source, and let the readers know that the idea is not yours. It plays an important role in academic documents, legal documents, articles journals, etc. It requires crucial thinking, understanding and writing skills to rephrase a document in your own words.| paraphrasing reflects the understanding of a person rather than the writer who has presented the original work. Moreoever, a good quality paraphrased version of a work can be more concise and yet thorough than the original piece of writing. A summary is a concise version of a long detailed text while keeping the context clear. A summary can also be called an abstract, synopsis, executive summary or recap of the original. It highlights the main points of the original text, but it is smaller than the main article. Without summaries, a reader would have to read the entire text that definitely needs a lot of time. Instructions Summarizing 1. Read the original text straight through, quickly but thoroughly. 2. Reread the original material, highlight ideas that stand out to you as being important, and underline key terms. 3. Break the text into sections, with each conveying one of the authors main points. The goal of a summary is to express the central ideas of the original work, leaving out secondary material. 4. Write your summary in sentence form, using the main points and key terms as the muscle of your summary. Try to keep the ideas in your summary organized in the same sequence as in the original text. 5. Compare the original text to your summary to ensure you have covered the main ideas and havent left out any key terms. Paraphrasing 1. Read the original text straight through, quickly but thoroughly. 2. Reread the original material, taking note of the concept the author is trying to convey. 3. Express the text in your own words without changing the authors meaning. The goal of a paraphrase is to rewrite the original text without leaving out anything of substance. 4. Compare the original text to your paraphrase to ensure you have captured the essence of the authors ideas and have not quoted the text directly. The paraphrase must be written with language and sentence structure entirely your own.

Formal Reality And Objective Reality

Formal Reality And Objective Reality To begin this approach, Descartes introduces formal reality and objective reality. Formal reality is said to be what humans can actually see and prove to be their senses, and objective reality is what is in their minds. Descartes goes on to say, Hence it follows, both that nothing can come from nothing, and that what is more perfect cannot derive from what is less perfect (Third Meditation 29). In this quote Descartes believes that nothing can come from nothing: a person cannot get one from zero; for an effect to happen their must be a cause, and an effect must have as much reality as its cause, as so, something that is perfect cannot come from something that is less perfect. For example, it is not possible to have hot water without a thing that creates heat. Also, electricity is what causes a light bulb to turn on, but a light bulb cannot cause electricity. After realising this, Descartes uses this argument to sum up how the idea of God came to be. He believes that he is not perfect and has limits, so how can the idea of an all knowing and all powerful being with no limits be even thought of. All real ideas come from other real ideas, and even unreal ideas have real qualities in them. A flying pig might not be real, but the idea comes from a pig, and a flying object put together; fairies might not be real, but the idea comes from putting flying qualities to a person. So this Idea of God came from something as real as God, and since there is nothing on earth that is as real as God, we must have been born with the idea, so therefore God exists. In Descartes meditation his premises are structured. One must first accept that the idea of God is more real than anything that is limited; after accepting that, one must accept that an effect cannot be greater than its cause; and after accepting that, one must accept that the idea of God cannot be thought off with out a cause, or without it being real. Once you have accepted all of these it is clear to say that God exists, but if one denies any one of these premises the conclusion fails. Although Descartes believes to have solved the existence of God, many other people such as Atheists have went on to argue that God does not exist. A popular argument against the existence of God is the paradox of the stone: Can God create a stone so heavy that he cannot lift?'(Arguments for Atheisms). God is known to have unlimited power, so if God cannot create a stone more powerful than him, then he does not have unlimited power; if he is able to create such a stone that he cannot lift, then he still does not have unlimited power. So either way God is not all powerful; something that is all powerful can do everything, and since God cannot do everything, God does not exist. Though this argument is seemingly legit, there are many arguments that proves its falseness. Descartes believes that God can do the logically impossible, so God can make two plus two equal five. However, Thomas Aquinas (A Christian philosopher) believed that God can possibly do anything, but he cannot go against the laws of logic. With Aquinas argument, it proves that God cannot do something, which has to be false because God has to be able to do everything. So if we go with Descartes argument that God can make two plus two five, it also means that God can Create a stone that he cannot lift, and then lift it. This argument may seem difficult to understand, but Descartes tells us not to try and understand God because it is not possible. This proves that the argument of the paradox is false, a simple way to prove that it is false, is that God is known to be a spirit that cannot be seen, but here the paradox argument gives God human qualities (The Paradox of the Stone). The stone argument failed to prove that God does not exist, so Descartes argument about Gods existence still stands. But looking at it in a different way, say that a person is stuck on an island, and this person cannot escape, so he/she builds some type of shelter to be protected from the bad weather such as, rain and cold temperatures. Now, this person does not know what perfect is, but while building this shelter, this person will not attempt to make it bad seeing he/she wants good protection; this person will attempt to make a perfect shelter, so can the idea of something perfect not come from our selves? Descartes answer to this question would be no: everything has its opposites, and one opposite cannot be without the other. For example, there cannot be heat without cold, and one would not know what pain is without joy. Which must mean that God exist because humans are imperfect, and the opposite of imperfect is perfect. It is very difficult to disprove Gods existence, but if God exists, and everything has a cause; what caused God? Scientist hold this point strongly as to disprove the existence of God. Descartes, however, says not to try and understand God, but his whole meditation attempts to find if God exists which is trying to understand. Descartes somehow goes around the question what caused God. In the world we live in today, one should not be surprised if one does not believe that God exists. It is simple, in our society proof is necessary; if a close friend was to threaten to kill themselves, it would not be all that believable, but when the friend shows a weapon to be used, then the belief will increase. Also, one cannot go to a court room and say to a judge, He is the murderer, you might not understand your honour, but he killed an old lady. One would need some type of convincing proof to prove that someone is a murderer. It is just how the world works. Descartes believes that God is not a Deceiver, and that God is supremely Good, if it is so, why does God allow suffering? If a father, that is known to be good, one day sees his twenty three year old son on the street begging for food and money, and the father realizes this and walks away, is it reasonable to say that the father is good? Not at all, in fact one would believe that the father has abandoned his son. This argument has been used countless times to disprove the existence of God. Arguments can go both ways, and this argument about the existence of God is ridiculously difficult. One can conclude that God exists, but until physical evidence or something more real is shown, saying that God exists will just be a theory, at least in this world. Perhaps if one was in a world where there is simply one religion and one belief, then the idea of a God would be easy to believe, even if it is false. So Descartes has reasonable ideas of the existence of God, but as long as we are in a world filled with many different race, religion, and ideas, Descartes argument about Gods existence will always be plausible.

A Reflection on different volunteer work

A Reflection on different volunteer work It was my first day to join Market Craft Day as part of team of Pt Chevalier Community Centre. This market uses to be held on every third Saturday of the month and the purpose is for everyone in this community having a place to buy and sell goods such as second-hand house ware, handmade craft, food or anything they want to bring from home. This activity also provides resident, small business and organization an opportunity to connect with the community, to promote themselves and make a payback to the community because the fee from the stall booking is part of funding to operate the Community Centre and its programmes. My job was as an assistant to sell BBQ sausage with John, a committee member who has been called as Sausage manager and Sausage expert. That is because he has volunteered in this job for a long time. This is a joke between those team members as John is the youngest of the team and it is the way how they treat each other like family. From their conversation and the small talk, I found out Kiwis love to have humour and make jokes to express their concern for each other, especially for well-known friends. They also made jokes to me but not much that I think they might worry about I could not understand their jokes then get embarrassed. They were easy-going and had an opened heart to make friend with me even though I am from a different ethnic group. I could feel that how I was accepted as part of group and been treated like a family. I was really enjoying my time with them as they had shown me the most important cultural ritual of New Zealand treat everyone equally. In addition, during my volunteering, I learned how to cut onions and how to make BBQ sausage and custom-made sandwich. This is the first time of my life for doing this job. Through my work, I have known it is a very common recipe in New Zealand to have BBQ sausage with onion, mustard sauce and toast as a snack for outdoor activity. Besides, as John did, some people love to have toast with Spaghetti and tomato sauce which is another special western style that different from Asians. Compared with Taiwan, we use to have various traditional foods as our snack such as Chinese bun, Stinky tofu (smelly tofu) and Oyster omelette. The mobile stalls in Taiwan also need to be approved by local council for a licence to sell goods/food at roadside or local late-night market. There will be a penalty for no licensed stall. Reflection: Day 2 Core office work (Wednesday, 9.30am~1pm, 22 Sep 2010) Karen, the Coordinator of the organization, called me to come in to the centre and gave me some works to know the way around the place. She was also my interviewee who gave detailed information for my 10 culture and society questions and how this community centre operate. Based on her job description, I know she is a key to execute the programme of community centre and the committee of this non-profit organization are people to outline and to decide what programme can be launch for the community. I realized how important to have a community centre in the community after I did the office work and the interview. According to Karens information, every community centre is a Hub to link local public library, education institution and business/organization together to provide information and activities for people live in the local area. Any individual or various groups can use this place for any activity by just hiring a room of building, or leave their poster/brochure on the notice board to promote themselves. For example, a private childcare centre, where also provide free Spanish language learning environment, has its flyer placed on notice board so everyone might see its information when visit the centre. This is a free and convenient service that provide from the community centre for its community. I think it is also a proper place to exchange cultural value from different ethnic groups by having their activities here. Moreover, the School Holiday Programme is a good example to show how this community centre pays proper regard to education and multiculturalism. For example, it has various activities for age 5 to 13 years old children. The activities of September and October programme in this year included the First Aid course for kids, Hip Pop dance workshop, Surf lifesaving workshop and a play for a Chinese story The Secret of Dongting Lake which are very meaningful for developing childrens skill, personal ability and an opportunity to understand different cultural aspect. I think it is very clever to let children learn while playing through those seasonal programme and activities. Everyone, including their parents, can also make friends and have a connection for their social life after the activity. Its a very valuable contribution that the community centre gives us and the NZ society. Reflection: Day 3 Work in the Op-Shop (Thursday, 10.30am~1pm, 23 Sep 2010) Things that I had learned were not from my work in this Op-shop but from people here. Their behaviour and their thought gave me an idea to know why many New Zealander, especially the senior, have willing to be volunteer and how they made the changes for their community. Op-Shop of Pt Chevalier Community Centre is operated by volunteers who are Erin, Julie and a lady who I havent met yet. Erin is the team leader and the one to assist my learning. She makes the decisions and manages the shop to keep it run for its customers. This is not difficult to find out she is quite reliable and motivated in her role. She has an enthusiasm and a good intend to help people in this community. She low the price down or gave free gifts to the customers who seem to have financial difficulty. She notices the regular customer and keeps the goods, which they may need, beside her desk and give an acceptable price when they have come. She said there are not many people have enough money to buy what they want, therefore, the purpose of community centre is to help people for their need, that is the reason she gives the cheaper price and support them in this way. Under her management, the Op-shop has offered a free service for everyone who needs to promote their home business to have their price menu and business card display on the checkout desk. This is another way how Erin does to help and encourage people who is unemployed but has the skills for starting a new life. Her whole family include her daughter and grand-daughters, are all happy to involve in the volunteering work. They used to donate good quality clothes and purchase second hand goods from this shop. These is a very good example which Erin and her family have showed us for how people help each other in their community. This is good to see everyone happy, she said. In Taiwan, there are also many people work for charity foundations or religious institutions who contribute themselves to help the society. A quantity of them even has joined the global charity events such as what Red-Cross does. This is positive manner to give payback to our society. The truth is, we never know there will be one day we may need help from others so that why we dont try to give what we have at first. More cooperation between people in the society may have higher quality living environment that everyone may get the benefit from. In this case, I believe most of New Zealander has done this well from what I have seen in this community centre. Language learned from my volunteering work The committee members and volunteers of Pt Chevalier Community Centre are like a big family to me. They knew each other and have a good connection with local residents. The language they used in our interaction was between formal and informal which may depend on the level of relationship they have had with this person. There are two different ways of the language using that I had noticed from my participation. To well-known friends or relations, the words using and the topics of conversation choosing were quite flexible and included a lot of humour and colloquial words that I might not pick up from those natives utterance. In their small talk, they talked about friends or families they knew, gossiped about everyday matters and made jokes to each other. From here, I confirmed my impression of what I have seen when I first came to NZ that Kiwis are easy-going and love to make friends. On the other hand, when communicated with me, those people were quite friendly and had tended to slow down their speed and simple their words to make me understand them well. From their words usage, I could know they had a quality of education level that their behaviour and speaking were gentle and sophisticated. In this case, I remember what Karen said in my interview and indeed most of team member in this organization has had a strong social skill which is people skill. They know how to speak felicitously with people from different background and how to make their conversation smoothly to make both of us happy. Generally, the conversations with the team members had given me an opportunity to evaluate my English speaking level and to practice my communication skill with native speakers. In my self-evaluation, the positive I got is I dont have much trouble to make communication with them by using everyday language, such as greeting, telling the personal story, give the opinions of what I think about everyday matter and follow the instructions that I had been asked. Most of conversations were run smoothly but I knew there is still a gap to be narrowed if I could increase my English vocabulary to express myself properly and my comprehension of listening in English to understand their words. That is the negative side of my evaluation from my interactive tasks in this community centre. The racial tension in NZ multicultural society? From my volunteered work in Pt Chevalier Community Centre, I have met many people who have an open-mind to accept NZs multicultural aspect and treat it with respect. However, some information from people who work in this centre had widened my mind to see how native New Zealanders think about the immigrants, especially for Asian people. That has given me an idea how I behave and interact with native people who have different opinion about us. The Committee Chairman of this organization, Bruce, is a very gentle old man who was quite enthusiastic to assist my learning through my work in the Market and Craft day. He had given me some advices to make my CV and job application more successful through our interview. When we had a relevant conversation about people from different racial background like me, he told me a story of his sons employee who had been fired because his intention of refusing the service to customers who were Asian looking. Bruce had told me that many Kiwis have a misunderstanding about all Asian people in NZ are bad driver. I had made the complaint about this mistaken thought as kind of racial bias and I just realized that is the reason why my friends, my family and myself had experienced of being stared or shouted by Pakeha drivers when we drove a bit slow or made a wrong way driving accidently as it may sometimes be made by themselves as well. Just like the information acquired from Karen, the Coordinator of the organization, that when a number of Asian first came to NZ, many kiwis were very affronted about it for a long time. They thought Asian people may be able to come and take our country, our city and our lifestyle; and they took a couple of years, maybe 2 ~ 5 years to settle down. This is long time ago when they refused to have that immigration policy to allow more Asian people into the country. But now it just really accepted, generally it really accepted, [SIC] it was Karens reference of the general opinion of native resident. From her words, I was disappointed about the previous thinking of native people but pleased with the change that they have made. In fact, there are always two sides of a coin that people will see from different angel of view. Most people in this community that I have met are very kind to accept NZs multicultural society which they are living in but just a few have negative behaviour to us, immigrant from Asia countries, which I really like to ignore to live in peace with them. In conclusion, I agree that people in NZ are just like people in Taiwan who are definitely allowed to have a right to give critical opinions to people who may cause any harm to this beautiful and peaceful country. However, it is better to keep their thinking in objective way and not so subjective to create a difficult living environment for those immigrants to live in. That is absolutely unfair for what we have faced the racial tension in NZ.

Reality and Illusion in Richard Bach’s Illusions Essay -- Richard Bach

Questioning Reality in Richard Bach’s Illusions The message of Richard Bach’s Illusions is based on the concept that the things we interpret in the world as reality are actually illusions. This is made evident to one of the main characters, Richard, through his interactions with his newly found friend, Donald Shimoda. Donald Shimoda is a â€Å"messiah†, and he has gifts that he uses to help mankind. A quote that Richard reads is â€Å"Here is a test to find whether your mission on earth is finished: If you’re alive, it isn’t† (121). During the entire story, Don proves this quote to be true. Donald works to share his gifts and carry out his mission on earth. Richard and Don are barnstormers. They live their lives flying from town to town, landing in farm fields, and giving flights to local people for three dollars. Richard meets Don when Richard sees Donald’s plane parked in a field as he is passing by the nearby town. Richard is very curious about this plane because it is extremely unusual to encounter other barnstormers. He also feels lonely at times, and he wants to see if the other barnstormer can keep him company. When Richard lands his airplane, he meets Don. He talks with Don for several moments and, despite noticing some unusual quirks about Don, does not think that Don is too out-of the ordinary. Then he notices that Don’s plane is immaculate. It does not have any dirt or oil or any other evidence that it has been flown before. When Richard asks Don about this, Don tells him that there are things that Richard does not know. Later in the story, however, Richard learns more about Don and why he seems to be mysterious. Richard has a dream that reveals to him why Donald seems so mysterious. He sees a man a... ...ir problems or uncertainties. When people realize that they are capable of knowing the truth, they are able to overcome the illusions and to help others break their own boundaries. Donald Shimoda is aware of his mission on earth. He knows that he has the power to help all of mankind, and he works to help any person who he encounters who is in need. He works hard to do so throughout his entire life and until his death. When Donald dies, his work on earth really is complete. He teaches Richard to look past illusions and to see the reality behind them. Richard comes to realize that he too can perform miracles. In learning and sharing the gifts that Donald offered to the world, Richard is able to help mankind. Donald does finish his mission when he dies. However, his friend Richard has the ability to carry out the same mission and to help others as Donald did.

Movie Essays - Filming the Epic of Gilgamesh :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

Filming the Epic of Gilgamesh In order to undertake a project of this epic magnitude, one must first consider the many differing ways the film could take hold. The Epic of Gilgamesh is an age old story whose main attractions will be it's originality and antiquity. To cash in properly on Gilgamesh we must focus on bringing out the idea of Gilgamesh predating similar stories, casting actors who will capture the characters' mannerisms while still being easy to relate to, and using optimal special effects to combat the preconceived notions an audience may have about movies of this kind (thanks to the likes of Kevin Sorbo and Steve Reeves). Primarily the idea is to keep Gilgamesh pure. Naturally, after seeing my Hamlet, moviegoers will have ideas about what to expect from the introduction of a pre-classical work into main stream theater. Likely viewers and critics alike will be expecting an updating, or out and out displacement of the sequence of events in time. However, while we certainly cannot go line for line with the text, we must keep Gilgamesh loyal to the original tablets, and as close to Sumerian dress, language, and culture as we can simulate. To preserve the storytelling style of the epic's author(s), I plan to employ a narrator to guide the action. A recognizable, intelligent, regal, and yet not overpowering voice should be chosen. This voice should give an air of importance to the narration without being so enthralling that the action is missed. I plan to seek out such Englishmen as Patrick Stewart, Sir Ian Mckellan, Sir Anthony Hopkins, and John Geilgud, and to offer them the opportunity of auditioning for this essential role. The selected actor's voice will begin and end the film, while covering breaks in the action and explaining confusing sections of the story. The casting of the actual blocking actors is a bit more problematic. Gilgamesh himself is the most challenging character to play in this work. Gilgamesh should be strong (without evoking images of Kull the Conqueror, or Conan the Barbarian), and youngish, but with a weathered look to imply warriors traits. The actor must present the narcissistic nihilism of the early Gilgamesh and, later on, display the more humbled, post-anagnorosis Gilgamesh. For this range of whimsical egotism, to brooding, driven force, we should rely on the talents of Mel Gibson. Gibson gives a full range of acting abilities while looking weathered, and charming at the same time.

Copyright vs. the Right to Copy Essay -- Computers Technology Internet

Copyright vs. the Right to Copy Today's digital technology and the computer have changed how the average consumer can acquire information and entertainment. No longer do we have to wait for the CD to hear a new song, or the release date to watch a movie. The technology is available on our home computers. But is this an infringement on copyright? What about the rights of artists, authors, producers, or actors? Has our technology progressed so far that it infringes on these peoples' livings? It is only a matter of time before laws are passed regarding Internet use. Are we ready to give up the freedom we have had up to this point? In her essay "The Digital Rights War", Pamela Samuelson states that " The new future of technically protected information is so far from the ordinary person's experience that few of us have any clue about what is at stake". (Samuelson 316) With today's technology consumers can download almost anything from their computer and copy it onto a CD Rom or to an MP3 player. Pirated copies of songs from CDs that are not yet released or movies that are still in the theaters are put on the Internet available for anyone to use or copy. These are extreme examples of the problem at hand. What lengths do we need to go to in protecting artists' rights? Pirating is nothing new. When I was in high school bootleg copies of concerts were available to buy on cassette. There will always be some people that don't follow the law, and even if we tighten up current copyrighting laws those people will find a way around them. The average consumer may download songs or articles from the Internet, but they do not distribute them or reproduce them. If they do reproduce them it is usually for personal use. The MP3 player that ... ...May 7, 2000. http://www.mp3.com Napster.com. "Information about Metallica's Request to Disable Napster Users." Napster Home Page. 1999-2000. May 7, 2000. http://www.napster.com RIAA. "Copyright Basics", "Napster Lawsuit Q & A." Recording Industry Association of America Home Page. May 7, 2000. http://www.riaa.com Samuelson, Pamela. "The Digital Rights War." The Presence of Others. Ed. Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000. 315-321. U.S. Copyright Office, Library of Congress. "The Digital Millennium copyright Act of 1998." December, 1998. May 7, 2000. http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/ White House Information Infrastructure Task Force. " Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure:" U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 1995. http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/doc/ipnii/execsum.html

Filipinization Essay Essay

Explain the impact brought about by the rise of Ilustrados and the Filipino Clergy in the Philippine Nationalist Movement and their influence to Rizal. The most prominent Ilustrados were Graciano Là ³pez Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, Antonio Luna and Josà © Rizal, the Philippine national hero. Rizal’s novels Noli Me Tangere (â€Å"Touch Me Not†) and El filibusterismo (â€Å"The Subversive†) â€Å"exposed to the world the injustices imposed on Filipinos under the Spanish colonial regime†. In the beginning, Rizal and his fellow Ilustrados preferred not to win independence from Spain, instead they yearned legal equality for bothPeninsulares and natives—Indios, Insulares, and mestizos, among others—in the colony. Among the political, religious and economic reforms demanded by the Ilustrados were that â€Å"the Philippines be represented in the Cortes and be considered as a province of Spain† and â€Å"the secularization of the parishes.† However, in 1872, nationalist sentiment grew strongest, when three Filipino priests, â€Å"charged with leading a military mutiny at an arsenal inCavite, near Manila†, were executed by the Spanish authorities. The event and â€Å"other repressive acts outraged the Ilustrados. Because of his anti-clerical writings and activities, Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896. His execution propelled the Ilustrados . This also prompted unity among the Ilustrados and Andrà ©s Bonifacio’s radical Katipunan. Philippine policies by the United States reinforced the dominant position of the Ilustrados within Filipino society. Friar estates were sold to the Ilustrados and most government positions were offered to them. The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was an uprising of military personnel of Fort San Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippines on January 20, 1872. Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose up in the belief that it would elevate to a national uprising. The mutiny was unsuccessful, and government soldiers executed many of the participants and began to crack down on a burgeoning nationalist movement. Many scholars believe that the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was the beginning of Filipino nationalism that would eventually lead to the  Philippine Revolution of 1896. The primary cause of the mutiny is believed to be an order from Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo to subject the soldiers of the Engineering and Artillery Corps to personal taxes, from which they were previously exempt. The taxes required them to pay a monetary sum as well as to perform forced labor called, â€Å"polo y servicio.† The mutiny was sparked on January 20, when the laborers received their pay and realized the taxes as well as the falla, the fine one paid to be exempt from forced labor, had been deducted from their salaries. Secularization is a process by which the society is slowly transforming from that having close identification with the religious institution to a more separated relationship. This was considered to be the dawn of Philippine Nationalism, particularly after the execution of Gomburza. The Gomburza headed the secularization movement. They advocated the right of the Filipino secular clergy over the assignment of parishes rather than giving them to the newly arrived Spanish friars in the country. The seculars were those who were not bound by monastic vows or rules. They were discriminated by the Dominicans, Jesuits, Franciscans and Recollects. The Filipino priests then were assigned as assistants to Spanish friars. Secularism began in 1861 when the parishes of Mindanao originally managed by the Recollect friars were handed to the Jesuits. The Jesuits were expelled from the Philippines in 1768 because of the conflict they had between the European leaders. However, they returned to the country in 1861 and regain power over the Mindanao parishes from the Recollects who took over during their absence. The Recollects were bestowed the parishes of Manila and Cavite by the colonial government to appeased their loss. The original administrators of the parishes, the Filipino secular priests, naturally protested. Sources: http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Secularization http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilustrado http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_nationalism http://www.megaessays.com/viewpaper/28063.html http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1521-1898)

Case Study of Fdi in India vs China

A barf storeyOnCASE STUDY OF FDI IN INDIA VS CHINASubmitted toMrs. Smita KashiramkaByRamya Singh2010B3A2613PIn Fulfilment of account orient tole sendBIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, PILANI30th November 2012 Abstract The brood begins with the FDI definition and FDI reference with respect to India and its sect- ad-lib and regional comparisons. This motif under meets a comparative abbreviation of the impertinent groom enthronisation (FDI) slick from the multinational corpo balancens (MNCs) into master(prenominal) unload main(prenominal)land chinawargon and India.Examining the prevailing enthr mavenment climate to account for the engagements in FDI betwixt the dickens countries and fin wholey suggest passably recommendations for India to chance on noble FDI. A exactlyt endvass of Mckinsey address on Indias economical per progress toance and evolution potential has been ready at the end of the report. Ac acquaintancements A show lie project is a well- frozen(p) probability for learning and self discipline. I consider myself really(prenominal) lucky and honou ruby-red to deal been adapted to bug out this opportunity of doing very a lot(prenominal)(prenominal) a project. My grateful thanks to Mrs.Smita Kashiramka mam who in spite of creation extraordinarily lodge in with her duties, took time out to hear, guide and s hand me on the correct path. I do non k today where I would reserve been without her. Ramya Singh ID- 2010B3A2613P Table of Contents- 1. Introduction 2. 1. FDI definition 2. 2. Benefits of FDI 2. 3. FIIs 2. FDI send offs to India 3. 4. Forbidden territories 3. 5. Forms of FDI commit 3. 6. reflex(a) Route 3. 7. disposal approved Route 3. Amendments in FDI and Industrial Policies 4. 8. FEMA 4. 9. FIIA 4. situation of FDI in India 5. c resort to Tripping of FDI to china 6. withd novelional comparison of FDI in India and mainland chinaw be . Recommendations for improving FDI t o India 8. FDI in Retail 9. Review of Mckinsey Report of FDI in India 10. Conclusion 11. References 1. INTRODUCTION Background The formal statistics of alien choose investing (FDI) in fluxs in chinaw be and India exhibits a remarkable variability that consequently establishes the unmatched superiority of mainland china in forceing FDI in full stops. China ventured into the path of liberalisation in 1979 by gradationally liberalizing and pass arounding move up its rescue. Removal of restrictions on in FDI has figured out to be bingle of the prominent features in the Chinese reforms.China has so compassd remarkable advan well(p) the tickete in FDI since it formally opened its door to FDI with the passage of the justice of Peoples Republic of China on common Ventures using Chinese and pla brightenary investing in 1979. By virtually having their non- say arna (counter mathematical function of Indias mysterious arna) run on free merchandise principles and ci rcumstance up oersize supererogatory economic z wholenesss, encouraging challenger among Chinese provinces to thread FDI, offering potent revenue enhancement revenue enhancement concessions, permitting the leasing of land and lieu, introducing overnment guarantees for enthronization and special arrangements regarding safekeeping and repatriation of abroad transmute, China has been able to attract signifi send packingt sums of FDI in commingles. India, the scarcely evolution land of size and diversity of industrial tooshie comparable to China, has besides adopted a similar path of liberalization since 1991, by slowly leave outding its FDI restrictions and allowing FDI with with(predicate) semiautomatic route barring a a few(prenominal) strategic industries of security concern .It is outstanding to none that in 1997, India had joined the destiny of the top ten developing region recipients of FDI flows, whereas China had already arrestd prominent position s at least since 1991. UNCTADs ranking of countries found on FDI congenator to the size of the economy was 121 for India and 61 for China for the menstruation 1988 to 1990. The similar figures for 1998-2000 argon 119 and 47 respectively. While India has modify marginally, China reveals a huge succeeder in terms of FDI ranking In 2002, the A. T. Kearney survey in addition found that China outranked the U.S. as the or so attractive end for FDI. The spellance of FDI to China is readily ap assemble. These discrepancies in the relative FDI attracting capabilities of India and China raise some minuteant fundamental questions just about the literal FDI potential of India. Can India possibly break an FDI destination as attractive as China?. The Report portion outes this question at monumental. 1. 1 Definition of remote subscribe Investment FDI FDI refers to an enthronization do to acquire going interest in enterp machinates direct impertinent of the economy of the i nvestor.Further, in cases of FDI, the investor? s purpose is to gain an effective sidetrack in the commission of the enterp show up. Components of FDI- The components of FDI argon virtue groovy, reinvested earnings and early(a) uppercase ( in the main intra- companion loans). As countries do non always absorb information for each of those components, account data on FDI argon not in full comparable across countries. In particular, data on reinvested earnings, the collection of which depends on gild surveys, be often unreported by m whatever countries. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) out of doors(prenominal) investment refers to investments doctor by the occupants of a landed accede in the pecuniary as defines and production processes of an an opposite(prenominal) field. It kitty flummox in two forms outside(prenominal) direct investment (FDI) and contradictory institutional investment (FII). FDI or irrelevant bespeak Inves tment is an investment that a pargonnt confederacy makes in a conflicting body politic. FDI brings in groovy besides as well serve wells in good regime practices and go bad management skills and advanced engine room selection. But, FII or extraneous Institutional Investor is an investment made by an investor in the marts of a inappropriate nation. external Institutional Investment is in any case cognise as hot cash as the investors permit the liberty to sell it and take it prat. The FII investment flows exclusively into the secondary securities industry. It helps in increasing capital wait on of processability. Objective of the Study- a) To analyze the pattern and direction of FDI flow in India. b) To bring out accompanimentors those be prudent for comparatively littleer flow of FDI to India c) To identify reasons for regional im oddments in terms of flow of FDI. d) To review FDI constitution of India e) To address non-homogeneous national and concern re lating to FDI. f) To make constitution recommendation to advance the level of FDI.Nature and root system of selective information- The relevant data be collected from papers create( ancestrys mentioned in the culture) assorted sites of organisation of India, Reserve border of India and Mckinsey report produce by Mckinsey valet(prenominal) institute, papers published and so forth Other references ca-ca been mentioned at the end of the report. 1. 2 Benefits of FDI to the host coarse- * FDI not only brings in capital notwithstanding also helps in good governance practices and better management skills and even engineering off. Export market realises a emanation renderable to this and consequently lesser present moment dependence. unconnected Investors invest in social, economic al-Qaida, fiscal markets and marketing system help the developing nations on the path of industrialization and modernization. request for discordant infixs give hold up to using of the prepa symmetryn industries, generating income, hireing to a prod in the production process and a better living standard of the quite a little employed in these industries. Quality products atomic number 18 available to the consumers at low determines. Foreign investment serves as boon to the governing body by transport demand for various inputs giving rise to development of the supplying industries. . 3 FIIs- Generate Enhanced flows of candor capital, improving capital markets, implicate lessen terms of capital, imparting stability to Indias balance of profitments, institutionalizing the market, improving market efficiency and change incorporate governance. 1. Foreign direct investment- the Indian scenario 2. 1 Forbidden Territories FDI is not permitted in the following industrial firmaments Arms and ammunition. nuclear Energy. Railway Transport. Coal and lignite. Mining of iron, manganese Gambling and Betting subscriber line of tabloid fund Trading in headrab le Development Rights (TDRs). flirtivity/sector not opened to insular sector investment. 2. 2 Foreign institutionalise Investment (FDI) is permitted as under the following forms of Investments through financial coactions. by means of mutual ventures and technical collaborations. Through capital markets via Euro issues. Through secret placements or discriminatory allotments. * Through financial collaborations-Foreign collaboration includes ongoing business activities of overlap information related to financing, technology, engineering, management, consultancy, logistics, marketing, etc. which be generally, offered by a non- occupant ( im clobber) entity to a ho commit physician ( domesticated or native) entity in exchange of flashy skilled and semi-skilled promote, inexpensive high-quality raw-materials, low cost hi-tech root facilities, strategic (friendly) geographical location, with an cheering (permission) from a brassal political relation agency similar the ministry of finance of a resident country. The exercisings of distant collaboration between an Indian and abroad entity * ICICI Lombard GIC (General Insurance high society) Limited is a financial multinational collaboration between ICICI Bank Ltd. India and Fairfax Financial Holdings Ltd. , Canada. * ING indorse Bank Ltd. is a financial contrasted collaboration formed between ING Group from realiseherlands and Visa Bank from India. * Tata DOCOMO is a technical foreign collaboration between Tata Tele run from India and NTT Decoma, Inc. from Japan. * Through enounce ventures and technical collaborations-A conjugation venture is a clean enterprise owned by two or much(prenominal) participants. Joint ventures be formed with several motives- The main motive is to distri only ife the risks.A smooth rigid with a naked product estimation that involves high risk and bawl fors comparatively macroscopical tallys of investment capital whitethorn form a joint venture wi th a freehanded firm. A foreign phoner can invest in an Indian comp some(prenominal) through a joint venture commensurateness in the aras which are former(a)(a)wise not reserved exactly for the public sector or which are not under the prohibited categories much(prenominal) as genuine e rural area etc. For much(prenominal)(prenominal) foreign investments into India, a two tier approval mechanism has been stick outd. * Through capital markets via Euro issues- Foreign Investment through GDRs (GLOBAL DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS) Indian companies are allowed to raise rectitude capital in the international market through the issue of humanness(prenominal) Depository Receipt (GDRs). GDR investments are tempered as FDI and are designated in dollars. * give of GDRs The proceeds of the GDRs can be apply for financing capital goods imports, capital pulmonary tuberculosis including domestic purchase/installation of institute, equipment and building and investment in software pack age development, prepayment or scheduled repayment of earlier out-of-door borrowings. Investment in contrast markets and strong number e kingdom of matter ordain not be permitted. FDI comes through ) self-regulating route and b) Govt. approval route. 2. 4 reflex(a) route- Under the rbis Automatic Route, the Indian companies can issue handles up to prescribed per centimeum to persons resident outside India without obtaining earlier Permission either of the governance or RBI. These companies must be enmeshed in the Permissible activities under the FEMA. Companies move in manufacture of items, Reserved for SSI sector or those manufacturing items requiring industrial license or engaged in areas such as, defence, nuclear energy or aerospace leave alone not be able to avail of The Automatic Route.In terms of the guidelines issued in February 2000 and subsequent amendments, exclude in certain circumstances, foreign investment by way of issue of shares/sofa bed Debenture s by Indian companies can be made in India under the Automatic Route without any(prenominal) approval from the governing of India or the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). In the Circumstances where the Automatic Route is not applicable, the foreign investor or the Indian comp both seeking foreign investment would strike the approval of the Foreign Investment onward motion senesce (FIPB).FIPB is a competent body to consider and recommend foreign direct investment (FDI), which do not come under the automatic route. 2. 4 organization approved route- Indian companies may want to issue shares to foreign citizens and companies Incorporated outside India under sectors not allowed under the Automatic route or any opposite general/special permissions. In such cases, it bequeath be infallible to take to the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB).Foreign Direct Investment in India is allowed on automatic route in near all sectors except Proposals that require an industrial license an d cases where foreign investment is much than 24% in the rightfulness capital of units manufacturing items reserved for the comminuted scale industries,For transfer of monomania or control of Indian companiesin sectors with caps from resident Indian citizens to non-resident entities, regimen approval/FIPB approval would be needed in all cases where The ownership or control of an existing Indian company ( up-to-dately owned or controlled by resident Indian itizens and/or Indian companies, which are owned or controlled by resident Indian citizens) pass on be/is being transferred/passed on to a non-resident entity as a consequence of transfer of shares and/or cherubic issue of shares to non-resident entities through amalgamation, merger/demerger, encyclopaedism etc, where a foreign investor has an existing joint venture/ technology transfer/ hallmarkagreement in the same field, preliminary to January 12, 2005, the proposal for fresh investment/technology transfer/technology collaboration/ brandmark agreement in a revolutionary joint venture for technology transfer/ technology collaboration/trademark agreement would have to be under the regime approval route through FIPB/ Project Approval Board Proposals falling outside notified sect oral form _or_ system of administration/caps or under sectors in which FDI is not permitted and whenever any investor chooses to make an application to the Foreign Investment Promotion Board and not to avail of the automatic route. * Industrial Approvals/ clearances- For starting a new project, a number of industrial approvals/clearances are infallible from antithetical administration such as Pollution jibe Board, Chief Inspector of Factories, Electricity Board, municipal Corporations, etc. * Labour Rules/ regularisations- Under the theme of India, Labour is a overcome in the Con on-line(prenominal) List where both the key & State regimens are competent to act out legislation. somewhat of the important Labour A cts, which are applicable for carrying out business in India are Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous provision Act, 1952 Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 Workmens requital Act, 1923 Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 Factories Act, 1948 Minimum honorarium Act Payment of Wages Act, 1936. * revenue enhancement revenue in India- Foreign nationals exiting in India are generally taxed only on their Indian income. Income received from sources outside India is not taxable unless it is received in India. Company taxation Foreign companies are subject to a maximum tax of 40% on its net profits. The effective tax rate for domestic companies is 36. 75% piece of music the profits of branches in India of foreign companies are taxed at 40%. Companies incorporated in India even with 100% foreign ownership, are considered domestic companies under the Indian honors. 3.Amendments- in the FDI and Industrial Policies 3. 1 FEMA (Foreign Exchange attention Act)- The Foreign Exchange Manage ment Act (1999) or in short FEMA has been introduced as a replacement for earlier Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA). FEMA was introduced because the FERA didnt fit in with post-liberalization policies. A epochal change that the FEMA brought with it was that it made all offenses regarding foreign exchange well-behaved offenses, as strange to criminal offenses as dictated by FERA. When a business enterprise imports goods from distinguishable countries, trades its products to them or makes investments abroad, it deals in foreign exchange.Foreign exchange means foreign currency and includes deposits, credits and balances collectible in any foreign currency. It was a criminal legislation which meant that its impingement would occupy to imprisonment and payment of heavy fine. It had umpteen restrictive clauses which deterred foreign investments. FEMA emerged as an investor gracious legislation which is purely a civil legislation in the sense that its violation implies only payment of monetary penalties and fines. 3. 2 Foreign Investment Implementation indorsement (FIIA) Government of India has set up Foreign Investment Implementation license (FIIA) to palliate quick translation of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) approvals into implementation.FIIA is assisted by spendthrift Track Committee (FTC), which have been constituted in 30 Ministries/Departments of Government of India for observe and resolution of difficulties for sector particular proposition projects. affair of Foreign Investment Implementation laterality (FIIA) To understand and brighten the problems of the investors , understand and solve the problems of the approving authorities, refer to the cases that has not been settle at the level of FIIA to the agencies at the high levels, and to start consultations with multiple agencies. Changes in FDI policy in Single speck retail trading- The policy regarding Single Brand retail trading has been liberalized and now FDI up to 100 port ion is permitted under the Government route. policy for FDI in Commodity Exchanges- Foreign institutional investors (FIIs) can now invest up to 23 per centum in commodity exchanges without seeking prior approval of the government. However, FDI forget continue to need the approval of the FIPB DTAA (DOUBLE tax income AVOIDANCE AGREEMENT) WITH MAURITIUS- According to the tax agreement between India and Mauritius, capital gains a uphill from the sale of shares are taxable in the country of antechamber of the shareholder and not in the country of residence of the company whose shares have been sold. on that pointfore, a company resident in Mauritius selling shares of an Indian company will not pay tax in India. 4. Status of FDI in IndiaVarious studies have projected India among the top 5 favoured destination for FDI. Cumulative FDI equity inflows has been Rs. 5, 54,270 core (1, 27,460 Million US$) for The period 1991-2009. This is attributed to contribution from service sector, calculating machine Software, telecom, real estate etc. Indias 83% of cumulative FDI is Contributed by nine countries magical spell remaining 17 per cent by rest of the earthly concern. Country-wise, FDI inflows to India are dominated by Mauritius (44 percent), followed by the Singapore (9 per cent), United States (8 percent) and UK (4 percent) Countries like Singapore, USA, and UK etc. invest in India mainly in service, berth, telecommunication, fuels, electric equipments, regimen treat sector.Though India has observed a remarkable rise in the flow of FDI over the oddment few years, it receives comparatively much lesser FDI than China. til now teenyer economies in Asia such as Hong Kong, Mauritius receive much than India in terms of FDI inflows. This is largely repayable to Indias economic policy of harboring domestic enterprise compared to above mentioned Newly industrialised Asian Economies. Country-wise, FDI inflows to India are dominated by Mauritius (44 percent), f ollowed By the Singapore (9 per cent), United States (8 percent) and UK (4 percent). the share of Mauritius is the highest callable to the double taxation avoidance treaty with Mauritius. ( equivalence India and China)Source UNCTAD, solid ground Investment Report 2009 Net FDI influx= Inward FDI flow Minus superficial FDI Flow . FDI storehouse of India has also registered a consistent outgrowth over the period of study. Net FDI stock for the period 1990-2000 was 1533 Million US$ which pink wine to 61523 Million dollars. However, net FDI stock of China is about 4 time than that of India. Indias indwelling FDI stock to GDP ratio remedyd from 0. 5 per cent for the 1990-2000 to 9. 9 per cent by the year 2008. Similarly, ratio of outward FDI Stock to GDP for the correspondent period has registered a consistent rise and was at the level of 5 per cent In the year 2008 Source UNCTAD, humankind Investment Report 2009 Net FDI Inflow= Inward FDI flow Minus Outward FDI Flow.There is a positive assort between FDI and Indias growth story. India has been observing a consistent growth in net FDI flow. Ratio of FDI Inflow to Gross large(p) Formation has improved from 1. 9 per cent during the period 1990-2000 to 9. 6 per cent in the year 2008. . Service sector has been the highest ratifier of FDI inflow to India (22%). Followed by computer software and hardware (9%), telecommunication (8%), admit And real estate (8%), whirl activities and indicant (7%). Net innermost FDI into India remained buoyant during April-June of 2009-10 as Manufacturing sector continued to attract most part of FDI (19. 2 per cent), followed by Real estate activities (15. per cent) and financial services (15. 4 per cent). This course Reversal ( great FDI in manufacturing sector) could be attributed to relatively better macroeconomic process of India. During 2008-09, continue liberalization measures to attract FDI and positive Sentiments of global investors about the growth potential of EMEs, including India. India evolved as one of the most favoured destination for investment in the service Sector due to low cost earningss and simple demand-supply gap in financial services crabbedly in banking, insurance and telecommunication. in stages India has become Important centre for back-office processing, call centres, technical support, medicalTranscriptions, knowledge process outsourcing (KPOs), financial analysis and business processing hub for financial services and insurance claims. There has been a wide concentration of FDI inflows around Mumbai share (36%) followed by New Delhi Region (19%), Karnataka (6%), Gujarat (6 %), Tamil Nadu (5%) and Andhra Pradesh. It is alarming that these regions receive 77% of FDI equity inflow objet dart rest of India accounts for only 23%. Lack of proper endeavour from the various state governments is responsible for such wide disparities in FDI. China is the store of the gentlemans gentleman. Its $1,952 billion in output la st year allowed it to overturn the US 115-year reign as the worlds largest manufacturer.Chinas manufacturing is wear upon-intensive it produced almost the same contribution of world manufacturing output as the US (19%) with about nine times the number of workers. Chinas manufacturing achievement seeded by foreign investment, brilliant theme, a rational push back law regime, an infinite supply of migrating catchpenny(prenominal) arise grok created the fastest poverty-reduction programmed in enter history. Indian manufacturing must seize this opportunity. India accounted for only 1. 8% of global manufacturing value added (MVA) last year versus China at 23. 3%. Our per-capita productivity was a disappointing $107 versus China at $842. Budget 2011 plans a new manufacturing policy that aims to raise the share of manufacturing in GDP from 16% today to 25% in 10 years.How China became the worlds largest manufacturing destination-China invited foreign direct investors to provi de the capital and the expertise to achieve export fight in a wide range of sectors, including electronics, apparel, plastic toys, stuffed animals, ceramics, and some some other labour intensive sectors. In each sector, the key was to link foreign investor capital and expertise with a large and low-cost Chinese labour force. The foreign investors brought in the product design, specialized simple machine tools and capital goods, key liaise products, and knowledge of marketing channels. The Chinese assured these foreign investors certain key conditions for profitability, such as low taxes, reliable foot, and physical security, commensurate Power, decent logistics for the import and export of goods, and so forth.Creating global manufacturing combat is mixed but two bottlenecks for Indian manufacturing are pedestal and labour laws. Our current labour law regime has huge costs exploding unincorporated employment, lower organized manufacturing, encouraging acquire machines or else than hiring people, corruption, blue-collar exploitation and high organized sector skill intensity. Basically, labour laws have ensured that 100% of net labor creation in the last 20 years has been in the low-productivity and sub-scale unorganized sector. Added to the knifelike infrastructure woes are the rigidities in Indian labour markets which makes it practically impossible to shed excess labour or get exempt of nonperformers.Looking beyond these two constraints, a number of studies and reports have highlighted other weaknesses that handicap Indias development as a study export oriented manufacturing base. Some comparative statistics are given down the stairs- Source- Bajpai N and Dasgupta N, transnational Companies and Foreign Direct Investment in China and India, Centre on globoseization and Sustainable Development (CGSD) running(a) idea No. 2 (Sect-oral statistical distribution of FDI) Maharashtra Region attracts FDI in energy, carry-over, services, Telecommu nications and electrical equipment. Delhi and NCR attracts FDI inflows in Telecommunications, transportation, electrical equipment (including software) and go.While Haryana emerged as a pet destination for electrical equipment, Transportation and feed processing, Tamil Nadu has been no-hit in attracting FDI In automotive related and auto components sector. Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka Emerged as a popular destination for software, computer hardware and Telecommunication. Indias rural areas such as Orissa has also been successful in Attracting FDI in securing large Greenfields FDI projects in bauxite, mining, aluminium and automotive facilities. 5. Round Tripping of FDI to China The Chinese official statistical database does not provide dis compoundd FDI that would straightway project the relative contribution by the Non-Resident Chinese (NRC) world in China.However, based on the fact that a large property of NRCs residing in Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and Macao make FDI t o mainland China, we will make the assumption that, in broad terms- any FDI originating from these countries will constitute expatriate FDI and mainland Chinese funds routed through topical anaesthetic financial agents round tripping. It is evident that the share of OECD (Organisation for stinting Co-operation and Development) countries and with it the share of MNCs in Chinese FDI inflows has been rhytidoplasty over the 1990s plot of ground the share of Singapore, Macao, Taiwan and Hong Kong (supposedly the NRC contribution) is falling. NRC contribution, which was nearly 80. percent of the correspond Chinese inflows in 1992, has gradually change magnitude over the 1990s, being on an come about 60. 5 percent over the decade. Chinas FDI numbers include a substantial amount of round-tripping A large amount of Chinese dingy money is recycled through Hong Kong and sent back to the mainland as FDI. Round-tripping in fact accounts for one- half of Chinas FDI inflows, which in tha t locationfore reduces the reported level from $40 billion to $20 billion in 2000(see graph below). Even in 2001, more(prenominal) than 47 percent of FDI inflows to China came from these four countries (Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and Macao) where a large proportion of NRCs reside. 6. Directional comparability of FDI in India and China Chinas FDI inflows are somewhat inflated due to round-tripping investment through Hong Kong, which poses as a foreign investment in order to acquire the benefits from preferential tax treatment. The World Bank estimates that about 2030% of FDI in China was due to the round-tripping investment on the other hand, Indias FDI inflows are underestimated because the figure excludes reinvested earnings. While it is very promising that the entire FDI from these economies to China may not be quantityly from the NRCs, but a very large part of it actually is. Expatriate investment has been a very small portion of aggregate FDI in India, in spite of gradual a ttempts by the government to simplify the regulations involving investments by the non-resident Indians (NRIs) into the country and hence the expatriateIndians do not form a large portion of the target investors in India, unlike in China. On the whole, it is observed that in India, FDI is flowing into areas where skilled labour is study input sectors are telecom, electrical equipment, including computer software, energy, and the transportation industry. These four sectors accounted for roughly 50 percent of FDI inflows remarkable difference exists in the expanse of the areas of foreign investments in India and China. FDI in China is rather extensive, being diffused over agriculture (farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery), mining, and manufacturing and importantly into the tertiary sector.Moreover, social-welfare related sectors like training and healthcare and wholesale and retail trade(till 2012) that have not yet been targeted in India as sectors competent for attra cting FDI inflows, but these have contributed to FDI in China. China has, since 1998, stepped up its efforts to encourage foreign investments into technology development and innovation. Several incentives, such as import duty immunity for equipment and technology brought into China by foreign-invested question companies, tax breaks for incomes obtained from transfer of technology, and business tax exemption to foreign enterprises transferring advanced technology, are luring foreign investors to China. China most sure attracted large sums of FDI in the manufacturing sector, a earthshaking part of which could definitely be channelized to India had India not been plagued with inadequacies.Indias product reservation for the belittled industry, stringent labour laws, inability of the firms to exit, if conditions so demanded (no exit policy), drop of decision-making authority with Indias state governments and hence lack of contention among Indian states to attract FDI (as against Ch inas provinces) were some of the key factors why India missed large sums of FDI. Fall in FDI in electrical equipment manufacturing in India has been due to the twopenny-halfpenny Chinese goods flooding the market. The role of sub-national government as a catalyst to FDI inflows has also been ignored in India while decentralisation of FDI seeking and related indexs has been given due importance in china. The Chinese government welcomes FDI and does not seek too much documentation for companies setting up ventures in China. Getting licenses is also easy for setting up a unit in china. Export-orientation in FDI in India and China- China has been successful in attracting huge export oriented FDI inflows in new-fashioned years.China invited FDI to provide the capital and the expertise to achieve export competitiveness in the manufacturing sector with the key link of providing cheap labour . The foreign investors brought in the product design, specialized machine tools and capital go ods, key intermediate products, and knowledge of world marketing channels. The Chinese assured these foreign investors certain key conditions for profitability, such as low taxes, reliable infrastructure, physical security, comme il faut power, decent logistics for the import and export of goods. India has large scale reservation in the small sector industries such as handicrafts which have large demand in the world market. SEZs and EPZsSEZs, a unyielding Chinas coastline, were intentional to give foreign investors and domestic enterprises easy conditions such as import intermediate products and capital goods duty free for fast export promotion and good infrastructure. India also had similar models of EPZ and Export Oriented Units (EOU). EPZs are located at various places including Cochin, Falta (near Calcutta), Kandla, Chennai, Noida, Santacruz (Mumbai), Vishakhapatnam and Surat. A unit could be set up in these zones subject to availability of space. Incentives provided to attr act investment in these areas were zero import duty, a special 10-year income tax rebate and other incentives. Eight special zones failed to achieve the export targets.Decentralization of decision-making authority was also a major reason for SEZ success in China. other ingredient of infrastructure is the availability of power at competitive rate. Apart from cheap power in that location is no power failure in China, as in India. The EPZs in India are one -third of the required size. In China all jobs are on contract basis, which stand modify upon the expiry of the terms, which can be fixed/ malleable or for a specific job. In contrast, the labour laws in India are extremely stringent and the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 does not allow companies with 100 or more employees to retrench labour without seeking prior permission the concerned state government. EPZs in India have performed brusquely due to-Insufficient logistic links with ports and airport, Poor infrastructure in areas surrounding the zones (e. g. unpaved roads and deplorable Physical security), Government ambivalence and red-tape regarding secret FDI, Unclear incentive packages governing inward investment, and Lack of interest and authority of state and local governments, and the private sector, Compared with the central government, in the design, set-up, and functioning of the Zones. Unclear ownership of land- A major part of land parcels in India is subject to effective dispute over their ownership. This prevents to acquire land for retail housing and the courts take an frightful time for modify such cases.As a result Indian developers have hard time height collateral for loans against land for which they dont have a clear ownership. revise the law on land construction would give a major oppose to the sluggish construction industry of India. part of India are plagued by archaic laws such as ULCRA (Urban Land Ceiling Regulation Act) which created an artificial land scarcity principal to rising land prices further rising the cost of the housing Industry. next Recommendations to improve FDI flows to India- Apart from taking steps to improve infrastructural facilities and enhancing labour Market flexibility while the government has lifted sect oral caps for FDI over the last decade.Policies have thus far been ad-hoc and a source of uncertainty. Particular attention should also be paying(a) to the removal of restrictions on FDI in the Services sectors including telecoms, banking and insurance, aviation, etc as this will Help facility transactions costs for both consumers and business. The World Bank (2002) Has in fact announced that in virtually every country, the executing of the service Sectors can make the difference between rapid and sluggish growth One sector that should certainly get this automatic approval is the schooling sector. presently in that location is no FDI in education Allowed. Since it is well known that the education sector in India has reached a plateau.In terms of ideas or development, it is only fair that new ideas and methodologies from other countries are tried out. The SEZS and EPZS have failed to achieve their targets, for this the government must provide SEZs in strategic locations, c hurt to ports or major industrial locations. Concurrent to this establishment of SEZs in strategic locations, the government should also provide all necessary infrastructural facilities to ensure the success of the SEZs. The government inevitably to beyond the current policy of only allowing SEZs in areas that are already owned by companies applying for the SEZ in effect, a SEZ should be like a huge industrial park rather than having one genius company in it.Three, focus should not just be on the absolute amount of unprocessed FDI inflows but also the type. More specifically, while India has experienced an excerpt of FDI inflows in recent times, a large portion of the new inflows have been in the form of M&As. Given that t he latter does not needfully imply new capital infusion into a country, the macroeconomic consequences of the two types of FDI can be quite different. The focus should not just be on the amount of Greenfield FDI inflows but also the positive externalities to be derived from them, including in terms of technical development. The dominance of the Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (FIIA) needs to be enhanced.Any investment promotion strategy must be gear towards the following (a) image-building activities promoting the country and its regions and states as favourable locations for investment (b) investment-generating activities through direct targeting of firms by promotion of specific sectors and industries, and personal selling and establishing direct contacts with prospective investors. India does have a vibrant manufacturing sector but that rarely comes out internationally because it gets drowned out by the more glamorous software and other service related sectors. This perception is a fundamental one and goes well beyond reasons such as red-tape, corruption, poor infrastructure though they are inter-related to an extent.To get rid of this tag is easier said than done but the government can do more promotion activities to this end, preventing diverting this FDI to China. There is the direful need to create a racy talent pool. This is inherently dangerous for a country like India which has a tag of a services country a sector that needs a duncical talent pool to feed off. This lack of talent is reflected in the growth in wages which is one of the highest in the world. India has the highest wage inflation of any Asian economy. The one thing that makes India attractive is the cost arbitrage and if wages increase the way they are increasing, it is very likely that this arbitrage will disappear and along with it, valuable FDI dollars.To this end, it is necessary to continuously monitor the quality of students as well as the quality of teachers in ed ucational institutions. The table below gives the rise in wages in different sectors for year 2012. While more policy barriers have been unpackd on FDI in India, results have at times been disappointing due to administrative barriers at the state level as well as lack of coordination between the central and state governments. There need to be greater coordination between the centre and states to ensure that the substantial foreign interest in investing in India gets translated into actual investment flows to the State. An example of this is the proposed $12 billion investment, Indias single largest FDI investment, by South Korean firebrand giant, Pasco.Pasco signed an agreement in June 2005 to set up a steel plant in Orissa but as of bound 2008, the steel plant is yet to be start construction, let alone any operations. Every kind of problem ranging from semipolitical to environmental to allegations of land grabbing has affected this project. The main problem has risen from the allegation that they would make some villagers landless and Pasco cannot have a factory anywhere else because the raw material is in Orissa. This is a problem that the Orissa government could have easily foreseen but many governments in India have a movement to promise too much and do too little. This clearly has impacted credibleness of many state governments.India should continue to work towards developing a deep and liquefied corporate debt market. India is one of the few countries with a major equity market but With a highly illiquid corporate debt market. A well functioning corporate debt market Does one major thing for companies facial expression to invest in India. It is very likely that when Companies are investing their money in India or in any other country, they are more Likely to use debt rather than their own cash. Therefore, they would go to debt markets In their countries of origin and raise money there. However, this could lead to a considerable exchange rate risk because FDI is usually long-term and there is no good way of prognostic exchange rate movements in the long-run.If there a well functioning corporate debt market in India, it actually makes India that much more attractive. India should consciously work towards attracting greater FDI into R&D as a means of strengthening the countrys technological prowess and competitiveness. Policymakers are tone at FDI as the primary source of funds. It is important to Keep in spirit that FDI on its own is not a panacea for rapid growth and development. What India needs is to put in place a comprehensive development strategy, which Includes being open to trade and FDI. This ought to go a long way to fulfilling the Ultimate goal of for good eradicating poverty over the medium and longer-terms.India should remove the product reservation in small scale industries, bring in flexible labour laws, this will generate competitiveness in this sector which is critical for a growth economy. India has fai led to evolve as inward FDI manufacturing destination. Manufacturing investment has potentiality to develop supportive industries also. There is a wide hand out under employment in agriculture. Manufacturing sector has greater scope of low end, labour intensive manufacturing jobs for unskilled population when compared with service sector. The issues of geographical disparities of FDI in India need to address on priority. India is a quasi-federal country consisting of States and married couple Territories.States are also partners in the economic reforms, and should offer several tax incentives etc for attraction. Data on FDI reveals that India has increase largely due to Merger and Acquisitions (M&As) rather than large Greenfield projects. Business friendly environment must be created on priority to attract large Greenfields projects. Regulations should be simplified so that credit ratio is improved (Percentage of FDI approvals to actual flows). To increase the benefits of FDI p ersistently India should also focus on developing human capital and technology. M&As not necessarily imply infusion of new capital into a country if it is through reinvested earnings and intra-company loans.A Greenfield Investment is the investment in a manufacturing, office, or other physical company-related structure or mathematical group of structures in an area where no old facilities exist. Governments should see that losing corporate tax revenue is a small price to pay if jobs are created and knowledge and technology is gained to encourage the countrys human capital. There is copiousness opportunity in Greenfield Projects. But the issue of land acquisition and steps taken to protect local interests by the various state governments are not encouraging. MOU ArecelorMittal controversy is one of the best examples of such disputes Due to poor quality primary education and higher there is still an acute famine of talent. This factor has negative repercussion on domestic and fo reign business. FDI in cultivation Sector is less than 1%.Given the stance of primary and higher education in the country, FDI in this sector must be encouraged. The SEZs and EPZs of India have failed to achieve their export targets due to unclear rules and regulations by the government, overcrowding of units in these zones and poor infrastructure as discussed previously in the report. It is found that there are embarrasseder indirect taxes in china, lower import duties on raw materials since the Government often sees that losing corporate tax revenue is a small price to pay if jobs are created and knowledge and technology is gained to get on the countrys human capital, higher labour productivity encourage higher FDIs in china.The Indian Government should also implement such regulations. In China, Foreign investment in research and development (R&D) and foreign enterprises transferring advanced technology to china are exempt from paying import duty such policies arent seen in In dia. In order to improve technological competitiveness of India, FDI into R&D should be promoted FDI can be instrumental in developing rural economy. There is abundance opportunity in Greenfield Projects. But the issue of land acquisition and steps taken to protect local interests by the various state governments are not encouraging. 8. FDI in Retail(how it is good for the country)-Small shops, street vendors and malls can all co-exist (as they are doing now) They all serve different needs, and different income segments. The FDI approval does state that 30 per cent of the products must be procured from small scale industries which have a total investment in plant and machinery not exceeding $1 million. FDI in retail will expand consumer base. Some categories originally long have no big players There are some categories of stores that are just not present in India. The suppliers of e. g. -air instruct units have increased but the food sector supplies remain traditionally the same. Having a Wal-Mart will cater to the increasing consumer base. FDI in India Retail should be welcomed as this will bring a lot of money in India.Foreign Investment will help the government to build new infrastructure and improve rural infrastructure. Farmers will be the biggest beneficiaries from this move, as they will be able to improve their productivity and get high prices by selling their crops directly in the market to the large organized players. Government will also gain by FDI through transparent and accountable observe of goods and supply change management systems. Products will be available to the consumers at minify price since products will be purchased directly from the farmers and sold to consumers. This will provide lashings of job opportunities to unemployed people in India.It will provide more options to the farmers with less wastage of agriculture product. FDI in retail will increase the competition for Indian players button them to improve their products and services. The final beneficiary of this competition will be the consumers. We have enormous wastage in foods and vegetables because small stores and vegetable vendors cannot contribute refrigerated trucks, or any refrigeration. The stores lose money, and so does the consumer (because a lot of the fruits/ vegetables foul up too quickly after purchase. and then the State governments should go with this agenda sort of of opposing it and see the bigger picture. 9. McKinsey report on economic performance of India-McKinsey Global Institute prepared a report on how the global economy whole works with a special focus on India which will be the most inhabit but remains one of the poorest economies. additional focus was given on the economic performance and growth potential of the country comparing its growth with its neighbour China. Following findings were made- A decade ago India and China had the same GDP per capital, but now Indias GDP is only half that of china. Some of the facto rs preventing Indias GDP to grow in comparison to China are Low Productivity-This arises due to regulations concerning markets and products, land market ownership distortions and government owned businesses since they protect most industries from competition.Inequitable regulations-such regulations restrict competition thus lessen efficiency as seen in the telecommunication industries there private players have to pay a heavy licensing fees compared to government owned incumbents who do not do so. peevish enforcement- the small scale industries steal power frequently compared to bigger more panoptical counterparts who cant do so. backlog of products for small scale industries-Around 500 products are reserved for small scale industries (as of 2001), such reservations restricts these industries to achieve production efficiency. Licensing or similar Licensing-Several sectors such as dairy require a license from Government before starting production. These licensing authorities pre vent private entrants into entering competition.Government ownership of companies promote inefficiency and waste-their labour productivity levels are far below their private players- in telecommunications and electricity government control both the regulators and state electricity boards(SEBs) which are highly inefficient and lose around 30 % to theft compared to 10% of power lost by private players to theft. Poor infrastructure and less red tape in port management could greatly reduce customs clearance time. Unclear Ownership- A large proportion of land in India is subject to legal disputes over their ownership and the courts are very slow in resolving disputes. This prevents acquire land for retail and housing. Counterproductive taxation-Low property taxes, ineffective tax collection, subsidised substance abuser charges for water and power leave the local governments unable to invest in infrastructure e. g. in Delhi water is supplied at 10% of its true cost. MEASURES TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY-The following measures were suggested removing reservations on small scale industries, establishing effective proactive and independent regulators, rationalising taxes and custom duties, removing restrictions on foreign investment and widespread privatisation which will boost competition, further improving the quality of products, and at times, has reduced the cost also. Removing the barriers to higher productivity, privatization and a more efficient taxation could maintain the government from what it loses now by providing subsidies to the state owned enterprises, helping it to reduce its burgeoning figure deficit. Increased Productivity and opening more sectors to FDI would also create new jobs, which is of the essence(p) for the second most populous country of the world. 10. ConclusionIndia and China are exemplars of the changes brought on by globalization. They are two of the fastest growing economies in the world and possess two of the largest domestic markets by number of consumers. FDI has been a major contributor to both nations growth, bringing in more than just investment capital. FDI has fostered the introduction of technology, human know-how, and helped to link nations internationally. India has complex FDI regimes that, while allowing for large nominal volumes of FDI inflows, has major flaws. India still protects large economic sectors from investment, is slow to approve foreign acquisitions of domestic firms (if at all), and is characterized by excessive bureaucracy.The analyses in the current study suggest that Chinas potentially huge domestic market is the major determinant of its inward FDI . Comparing to India, Chinas better performance in attracting FDI fromwas mainly due to its larger domestic market and higher international trade ties along with better infrastructure and less of red tapism. . . 10. 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