Artificial Intelligent Financial Evaluation -Myassifgnmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Artificial Intelligent Financial Evaluation? Answer: Presentation The report depends on examining the utilization of man-made brainpower (AI) in chose banking association, The Development Bank of Singapore (DBS). The financial area is investigating of appropriation of the man-made reasoning into the operational procedures. By selection of the man-made reasoning, the banks are robotized their operational procedures which result into decrease of cost and quicker the turnaround time. The Development Bank of Singapore is anticipating redesign the operational procedures (Moro, Cortez and Rita 2015). DBS is embracing of man-made consciousness so as to mix the computerized banking. The bank is centered around improvement of record framework with the end goal that it can upgrade the money related administrations. Man-made brainpower into DBS bank improves level of banking which give the clients ability to utilize banking administrations. The motivation behind this paper is to break down the computerized reasoning and advanced development into banking part which upgrades the client esteem. The report examines the item and procedures guide by illustrating of the insignificant reasonable item and procedure. It likewise builds up the money saving advantage investigation for the man-made brainpower. It talks about the transient system just as long haul methodology to dispatch of the MVP (Minimal Viable Product) and afterward approve the item. Procedures in chose association The Development Bank of Singapore The distinctive momentary techniques for propelling MVP and approve items are examined from now on. It must be reminded that time and cash is the key hindrances shielding one from testing astonishing business thoughts. Making a phony brand: The Development Bank of Singapore or DBS must consider their image name. During testing stage, their MVP is should have been given a phony name. This must be spellbinding enough for reverberating with clients (Copeland 2015). Opening for business: DBS must have a marked site. The site should accompany its particular format and a viable back-end proofreader. This must be immediately made sense of. The bank must module their space URL and logo to new sire. At that point everything like logo and brand name must be set up on various online life destinations. Loading the racks: DBS must compose inventive help depictions for their site. This must assistance possible clients to observe each intrigue of their administration. This must likewise incorporate specialized specs (Ahmadi et al. 2014). It is helpful to make up scarcely any subtleties that must check the reaction of clients to their expected administrations. Disturbing and separating: The distinctive chances to bring the deal to a close ascent as the intended interest group has been attracted through a one of a kind advantage. This is introduced by offer. Finishing of an exchange at commonly relies in transit how fruitful the advantages have been in drawing in different customers (Brynjolfsson, Rock and Syverson 2017). Crucial, objectives, goals, methodologies and strategies The fundamental crucial execute AI at DBS is to create openings with respect to quicker and progressively customized client encounters. This is planned to recover better bits of knowledge and mechanization of back-end streams. DBS supports an away from of various hopeful indications of selection and premium significantly under tedious financial occupants. Different conversations across media with respect to the development of AI have been extending from mechanization and their productivity to eliminate various positions to the startup acquisitions (Kaznacheev, Samoilova and Kjurchiski 2016). Along these lines DBS expects an instinctive, multichannel and simple to-utilize instrument are boosting client experience and decreasing time. One of the objectives in the current case is obscurity. Since insightful calculations go for information pools naturally, engineers never need to by and by get to information, make designs physically and break down that. Further another objective is to discuss proactively with the data required by clients before they call contact focuses (Stobbs, Hunter and Bagaric 2017). Next, a significant target is the organization. DBS gives labels to streamline and support money related taking care of. Till date, clients gas to label exchanges physically. In any case, AI improves this procedure. For this, the best procedure has been to concentrate on research towards mechanized labeling of exchanges. Thus, testing different AI alternatives for making the underlying models is significant strategies. Speculation The diverse speculation incorporates the accompanying. Absence of effective AI applications utilized by workers and clients at DBS. Absence of advantages with respect to time, exertion and cost decrease. Absence of clear future was giving for AI at DBS. A drawn out technique to dispatch MVP and approve item MVP may misinform DBS to utilize their procedure to start another task. A system with respect to quantitative and quick market testing is should have been tight and some way or another deceptive. The primary system is appropriate center (Riedl 2016). It is significant in the current situation maintaining a strategic distance from a standard crowd. Setting client consideration in an appropriate manner and getting to a pertinent crowd is the primary preliminary. DBS must recall that they are giving a dream of future item and thought of what basic device that has been playing with as of now can end up being. Next, DBS must think about moderation. They should attempt to flexibly thoughts effectively cost to such an extent that clients are prepared to give installment. They should adjust their vision and client desires. During managing each sort of undertakings, DBS must go for the best possible stage for a modest and fast beginning. Besides, they ought to be adaptable and intently collaborate with clients. This would assist with using time over no-benefit thoughts (Bench-Capon 2014). Here one can examine and see better market needs. At that point the testing ought to be thought of. MVP testing is tied in with seeming well and good whether the flexibly is settling clients challenges alongside an availability to pay for that. Aside from this, testing means organization assets and market abilities. In conclusion, DBS must comprehend that during the execution of a technique, they should not come up short. They should comply with some broad ways to deal with get away from various miserable results. They should utilize their instinct. At that point, they should talk about with space specialists (Bostrom and Yudkowsky 2014). Next, they should start with various widespread dangers. Crucial, objectives, destinations, techniques and strategies The fundamental crucial using AI or AI at banking is to battle against extortion. The innovation is additionally planned to improve consistence. It is preferably proper for challenges since various calculations for AI goes through huge value-based informational indexes spotting surprising conduct. The essential vision is to create programming robots that must go about as virtual specialists. They can be prepared for the most part by business clients in an instinctive manner (Castelli, Manzoni and Popovic 2016). DBS needs to let loose their significant and constrained aptitudes of IT specialists to concentrate on an ever increasing number of key assignments. Since innovation keeps on producing huge changes in DBS, is must give the association through shutting and little, interface to flourish their computerized highlight. This is their essential objective (Makridakis 2017). Further, the goal supporting, for this situation, is that the innovation development must shape their industry, workforce and associations. The procedure actualized must so that it discovers an incentive inside interruption and afterward develops their job in the lives of clients. The best strategies are that DBS requires downsizing their reliability over inheritance center financial frameworks and afterward actualizing current IT stage. This is to make universal principles alongside related business preparing guidelines accessible. Speculation The speculation is talked about beneath. DBS means to utilize AI under intensely manual procedure in regards to money saving advantages, speed proficiency and exactness. There are different outside and inner components assisting with raising the client experience and afterward move worker towards greater judgment based and high worth included duties. Item guide and negligible reasonable item for man-made consciousness The examination gives a guide to actualize the man-made reasoning into the financial part. Computer based intelligence is embraced into the bank and it has potential so as to drive income, decline into operational expense alongside alleviation of dangers. DBS puts resources into just as conveys of man-made consciousness as it controls the market (Ogwueleka et al. 2015). The MPV of DBS is those items which fulfill the clients and afterward giving of input towards future improvement of item. Through the AI items, it devours just as procedures of bigger measures of information. It speeds the productivity of the money related administrations and afterward turns out to be progressively effective. Man-made intelligence items can recognize the cheats by coming up short of the strange exchanges. It develops trust and makes a client esteem. The clients are connected to the bank which gives of customized administrations. The banks are predominantly utilized of AI innovation to utilization of robots as the money related guides, that gives mechanized just as calculation based monetary. The money related items give better profitability to make the monetary tasks increasingly compelling just as effective (Wu, Chen and Olson 2014). The workforces are centered around center financial functionalities and decrease of cost. DBS is an orderly alongside information driven banks which is utilized to measure alongside limiting of the dangers and client assistance, hindering of cheats, estimating and recognizing the new clients to showcase the new money related administrations (Cavalcante et al. 2016). The financial tasks of DBS are exceptionally information escalated as they are included into opening of ledger, accommodation of structures and reports. Issues and mixes of man-made reasoning into chosen association Aside from the advantages of artifi

The Types of Essay Samples PDF

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Continuing Nursing Education Essay

Programming of an expert course in nursing is joint obligation of the chief of keeping nursing training and the Dean of school of nursing. Formal channels of correspondence utilize the nursing staff to investigate the necessities of keeping nursing instruction. Personnel inclusion and arrangement of warning panel is profoundly attractive. To survey the adequacy of the program. What exactly degree pre-define objectives have been accomplished. To survey the materialness of preparing in the field. For quality control or subjective improvement. Method for assessment: Pre-test and post-test. Mentality tests. Perception of abilities. Poll. Sound or video tapes. National Literacy Mission (1988): To confer utilitarian education to non-literates of 15-35 yrs old enough gathering. Program of activity on NPE is given by the Ministry of Human Resource Development; Government of India . As indicated by NPE, Adult Education can be effectively actualized by including proceeding with instruction. The Janshikshan Sansthan is set up for bunches of towns with the offices of library, understanding rooms, charcha mandal, network TV set and radio to empower sub serving the destinations of instruction. In any case, proceeding with training goes past post education consequently still it is one of the significant destinations to be accomplished. In-administration instruction is an arranged instructional or preparing program gave by an utilizing office in work setting and is intended to expand fitness in a particular territory. Parts : â€Â Orientation aptitude preparing program. Proceeding with instruction program. Administration preparing. The board aptitudes improvement. Staff improvement program. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing (JCEN). Proceeding with Education and self-evaluation of information on nurture pioneers :- Andreja Kvas , M.Sc , B.Sc , RN. (DOI:- June 10, 2013; 10.3928/00220124). Neeraja K.P, Textbook of Nursing Education (2003): New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. Abbatt FB, MEJIA A, Continuing Education of Health Workers, A Workshop Manual, (Geneva) World Health Organization. Satija BR, Trends in Education(2003), New Delhi, Anmol Publishers. Proceeding with instruction of wellbeing laborers incorporates the encounters after introductory preparing which assist wellbeing with caring faculty to keep up and improve existing, and obtain new abilities pertinent to the exhibition of their obligations. Fitting proceeding with instruction ought to reflect network needs in wellbeing and lead to arranged upgrades in the strength of the community†. Bound together Approach Relationships with different frameworks Comprehensiveness Accessibility for lady wellbeing laborers Integration with the administration procedure Analysis of requirements as a reason for learning progression Internally organized Relevance in arranging Credibility and monetary Appropriateness in usage Sheltered and successful nursing care. Address the issue of the populace. Updateâ the information. Professional success. Obtain particular aptitudes of work force and meet technologic aides. Get ready in managerial and authority positions. Shape their own fate. To meet the wellbeing needs and open desires. To build up the rehearsing capacities of the medical caretaker. Enrollment work. Perceive holes in their insight. To improve the correspondence between the members, personnel, network, and wellbeing part. To test the members capacity to do formal scholastic investigation. To shape or bolster college instructive strategies and practices. To guarantee the nature of training. To concede spending plan for augmentation considers. To keep up scholarly principles. To meet instructive prerequisites. Medical caretaker's way of thinking of life, nursing and training, conviction, and so on will impact the way of thinking of keeping nursing instruction. It centers around singular student. The astute instructor perceives that one's way of thinking of training is constantly a rising one, instead of a static one. Learning must be a nonstop procedure all through the life expectancy, not restricted to formal courses of study. Nursing depends on information on the physical and mental working of man inside his condition, extending the information identified with man and his dynamic, multiplying fields of activity is of concern. Student Teacher/Educator Guide and advocate to the student. An arranger and coordinator of learning encounters. Help and an encourager of understudies. Evaluator of projects. Including assets specialists for showing the understudies. Giving instructional materials. Choose and assess materials arranged by others. Regulatory job (arranging, coordinating, planning and assessment). Advertising job to change the picture of nursing and in perceiving the commitments and possibilities of medical attendants. Graduate degree in his general vicinity of nursing ability or with a doctorate in grown-up instruction. Accreditations with more productions. Composing and sorting out aptitudes. A proceeding with student. Clinical expertisedness . Profundity of nursing information and aptitude in its application. Enthusiasm for the subject, excitement in instructing. Aptitude in working with grown-up students. Sufficient information about showing aptitudes and techniques for educating. Wide base information. Worry for individuals. Adaptability. Delicate to aggregate reaction. Ready to travel. Nitty gritty development readiness and association for educating. Creativity. Assurance. Skills and different qualities: Skills and different qualities Self-certainty. A comical inclination. More extensive standpoint. A vitality. An inborn interest. Love of Adventure. Want to look through the obscure. Enthusiasm for self-improvement and in others advancement. Arrangement for school and nursing staff inclusion in arranging and encouraging the keeping nursing training courses will in general keep up highâ educational guidelines for the program. A sufficient staff is fundamental to arranging, actualizing and assessing a program which depends on adapting needs and which affects the nature of nursing care gave. Obligations of the chief of keeping nursing instruction are: - Determination of adapting needs of the medical caretaker populace. - Development and usage of a program to address these issues. - Evaluation of results. Staff administrations are required with adequate gifts and numbers to execute the arranged program: †Advisory. - Secretarial. †Administrative. †Supportive †Assistance with explore, exposure, survey, assessment instruments, information investigation, PC programming. A warning board of trustees must be named, which incorporates: - Faculty individuals from an assortment of territories of nursing practice. - Directors of medical clinic nursing administrations. - Representatives from the state authorizing authority, wellbeing division and willful offices. - Extended consideration offices - Hospital affiliation. - Medical and partnered wellbeing experts. - Regional clinical program. Different organizations engaged with the conveyance of social insurance in the network. The people group may fill in as a contact between the school of nursing and the wellbeing network and satisfy a correspondence and advertising capacity for the college. Keeping nursing training system might be decentralized or concentrated. Decentralization is portrayed by programming inside every scholarly division, personnel associated with counsel and studies with the open intrigued by their subject field were generally learned about the requirements for keeping nursing training. Centralization is described by a different office or augmentation division. Money related help is by either college awards or self-supporting. Personnel might be allocated to proceeding instruction as a customary piece of the typical showing load, however for periods they will get extra-compensation or non-college personnel may recruited on an agreement premise to show explicit courses. An effective keeping nursing training program is the aftereffect of cautious and nitty gritty arranging. Parts of keeping nursing training arranging: Broad arranging by foundation and offices liable for keeping nursing instruction. Explicit arranging by people for their own proceeding with instruction. Arranging is fundamental to: - Meet the nursing needs. - Use accessible assets. - Meet needs at all levels i.e., nearby, state, local, national, and universal. - Avoid duplication and discontinuity of endeavors. - Help keep at the very least any holes in meeting the proceeding with training needs of the medical caretakers.

Stop Incarceration, Start Rehabilitation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 942 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2018/12/29 Category Infrastructure Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Tags: Prison Essay Social Problems Essay Did you like this example? Incarceration is one of the legal forms of punishment for offenses including felony in the United States of America. According to the national statistics, in the year 2013 alone, incarceration rate was at 698 among 100,000 people but this later shot up in the year 2014 to 735 among 92,000 people (The National Bureau of Economic Research). The figures made America to have one of the largest prison populations in the world with a majority of the inmates having been convicted of various state laws. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Stop Incarceration, Start Rehabilitation" essay for you Create order It pushed the government into building the prisons further and spend a lot more taxpayersmoney to keep the prisons running. However, rehabilitation is a much more effective than incarceration. Mass incarceration is one of the issues that continues to trouble the U.S. There have been calls from among other people, the journalist, sociologist, historians and the political class on the need for intervention on mass incarceration in the U.S. It remains an issue that has a significant detrimental impact on the larger society. It is just a cycle of crime where the inmates keep on re-entering the same prisons, and the taxpayersmoney is used to keep them in the prisons at the expense of other critical developments (The National Bureau of Economic Research). Some of those who troop to the jails have only been convicted of minor offenses yet they can be handled without incarceration. It has become apparent that incarcerating the lawbreakers from time to time does not solve the challenge of crime that the U.S. continues to face to date. The unending crime arises from the inmates who are let go back the society to join the rest of the people. A lot of money and other resources are used to keep the inmates in the prisons yet when they are released back into the society; they still tend to break the law, sometimes the same mistakes that landed them in jail in the first place. Rehabilitation helps in reducing substance abuse in communities since individuals on treatment programs tend to commit fewer crimes. Incarceration has economic, social and political impacts on the society. Studies have shown that most of the time when the inmates are released from the prisons, they find it hard reintegrating in the society and therefore, most often they commit the same offenses and end up in the prisons once again (Simon 12). Prions ought to rehabilitate people so that they are better than before they were taken into the prisons. Rehabilitation offers a cost-effective way of dealing with offenders. Keeping the inmates in prisons costs America a lot of money; a lot more than what the nation spends on its education sector. Studies have indicated that treatment reduces the costs that substance abuse offenders have in the society at least more effectively than incarceration (McVay, Schiraidi, Ziedenberg 13). When it comes to dealing with the substance abusing offenders, treatment is a much cheaper option than incarceration. The state uses a lot of money in incarceration which they can save up to 40 percent when the states embrace treatment rather than incarceration (Zarkin, Cowell, Dunlap 640). Even if the state were to try and offer treatment in prison, then it would still be costlier compared to treatment done away from the prisons. Keeping inmates requires a lot of resources including food, security, clothing, and other supporting structures which most of the time are not needed when treatment is offered away from the prisons. Almost 50 percent of all the state prisoners in the United States are either substance abuser or are drug dependent; however, only about 10 percent of them receive drug treatment while under incarceration (McVay, Schiraidi, Ziedenberg 640). It means the majority; the 90 percent are not getting any treatment and thus it seems like by incarcerating them there is no long-term goal or even hope for them. The lack of adequate treatment for them means that they are very likely to resume substance abuse once they are done serving their terms. Those who support incarceration argue that by taking the offenders it reduces the likelihood of the offenders influencing other people which they claim in the long run reduces the crime rate in the society. The argument further stresses that in the long run, the state saves money that would be used rehabilitate other offenders. However, incarceration has a lot to do with victimization too which cost the released inmates a lot since they find the society unwelcoming (Simon 18). When one is rehabilitated then the victimization that comes with being released from prison is avoided. In brief, the debate in incarceration continues to draw differing arguments. Statistics have continued to show that incarceration is too costly to America and that most of the time it fails to give the desirable outcomes. While incarceration may be good at separating the lawbreakers so as to keep the rest of the people safe, taking them to prison on serves to worsen the already bad situation. In the prisons, they lack treatment and therefore commit the same crimes once they are let go from the prisons. They also face victimization which makes it hard for them to reintegrate into the society. Therefore, the U.S. should avoid incarceration as much as possible and embrace rehabilitation. Works Cited McVay, D., Schiraidi, V., Ziedenberg. (2004). Treatment or Incarceration. Justice Policy Institute. Simon, J. (2011). Mass Incarceration: From Social Policy to Social Problem. Berkley. The National Bereau of Economic Research. (2017, December 5). Favorable Effects of Imprisoning Drug Offenders. Retrieved from The National Bereau of Economic Research: https://www.nber.org/digest/jan02/w8489.html Zarkin, G., Cowell, A., Dunlap, L. (2012). Benefits and Costs of Substance Abuse Treatement Programs for State Prison Inmaates. PubMed, 633 652.

Strategic Analysis Nike - 1619 Words

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT NIKE: Strategic Analysis SUBMITTED TO: AMIT SINHA SUBMITTED BY: Varun Bhatia 191181 FMG 19C Nike’s Global Business Strategy When first founded in 1962 under the name of Blue Ribbon Sports, the strategy was â€Å"to distribute low-cost, high-quality Japanese athletic shoes to American consumers in an attempt to break Germany’s domination of the domestic industry.† Today Nike offers athletic shoes at every marketable price point to a global market. Nike sustains its leading position through emphasizing quality products, constant innovation, and aggressive marketing. Nike sells its products in more than 180 countries under not only its namesake brand but brands such as Cole Haan, Converse, Hurley†¦show more content†¦The company focuses its marketing on celebrity endorsement, i.e. athletes in basketball, golf, soccer, and tennis. Lately, Nike has also began to sponsor big sporting events so as to create huge awareness and brand following. In 2008, Nike spent significant amount on advertising in the Beijing 2008 Olympics and the Football Championship. After the recent Tiger Woods scandal Nike plans on revisiting it celebrity endorsement strategy. It can be noted that the ‘swoosh logo’ is one of the most famous in the world due to these huge advertising efforts. Branding Strategy: Nike’s strategy in this front is to develop a premium brand associated with high quality product that satisfies customer needs. Nike’s brand is associated with an aggressive attitude portrayed by, â€Å"you don’t win silver, you lose gold,† which clearly suggests that winning is vital. The Nike customer associated the Nike brand with being the ‘American’ way: Being individual and aggressive like Michael Jordan and John McEnroe. Nike built its brand around sports, attitude and lifestyle. Nike backed this strategy with marketing campaigns like â€Å"Just do it† and with the companies front athletes like Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods. Selling Strategy: Nike’s strategy in early 2000s was to develop, flag ship stores, NikeTown shops in bigger cities, first national, and then abroad. Nike was the first company to establish flagship stores and it turned out to be a sensation. There are independentShow MoreRelatedStrategic Analysis of Nike1213 Words   |  5 PagesNike Case Analysis Nike is a worlds leading supplier of athletic shoes and apparel. The company was founded in 1964, when it was selling shoes to athletes. It grow rapidly through the 1970’s, and expanded its product lines to produce footwear in the categories of running, training, basketball, casual shoes, and kids shoes. As the bloom faded from the domestic athletic footwear market, the company entered active apparel market in 1978. Nike made a series of strategic decisions in 1970’s and earlyRead MoreNike Strategic Analysis3456 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction Every box of Nike shoes states, engineered and built to the exact specifications for championship athletes around the world. Nike has become the measuring stick in the world of merchandising and endorsing. Top athletes around the world are often seen with a famous Nike swoosh on their shoes. It is not uncommon to see some form of Nike product everywhere you look. It all begins with Phil Knight, a competitive runner, who incorporated Blue Ribbon Sports in Oregon in 1968. 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The six sections of the project are external environment analysis, S.W.O.T analysis, executive interview, strategic and tactical plans and controls, structure,Read MoreEnvironmental Scan Essays952 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Scan Nanette Guffey MGT/ 498 – Strategic Management Richard Haines September 17th, 2012 Environmental scanning is an organization’s strategic management and is actual important to the corporation. Environmental scanning is getting-together data for the external and the internal of the company.

Hiv Prevalence And High Risk Groups - 2462 Words

ID NO-140784141 HIV IN INDIA Introduction-Prevalence High Risk Groups India has the third largest HIV epidemic in the world. In 2013, HIV prevalence in India was an estimated 0.3 percent. Overall, India’s HIV epidemic is slowing down, with a 57% decline in new HIV infections 29% percent decline in AIDS-related deaths between 2007 and 2011.(1) HIV prevalence in India varies geographically. The four states with the highest numbers of people living with HIV (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu) are in the south of the country and account for 53 percent of all HIV infections. However, HIV prevalence is falling and in northern states, the number of new HIV infections is rising. (1)Heterosexual sex is the predominant mode†¦show more content†¦Prev. Because the Indian society discriminates against FSWs as immoral women. FSWs with lower social support score were relatively less likely to use condom consistently. These women, for the most part, remain inaccessible to HIV prevention programmes, thereby undermining the efforts of HIV prevention.(2,5) Men who have sex with men (MSM) and HIV in India- prevalence: 4.4%. In 2009, the Delhi High Court had decriminalised same sex conduct. However, in December 2013, India s Supreme Court recriminalised adult same sex sexual conduct, which limits the access of HIV prevention and treatment for MSM. (4) Hijras / transgender people and HIV in India- HIV prevalence: 8.8 %.In India, transgender people are often not given identity and considered as a distinct group, which results in social exclusion ,leading to high-risk behaviours.(6) In April 2014, the Indian Supreme Court recognised transgender people as a distinct gender. Many hope this ruling will lead to a decline in the stigma and discrimination faced by hijras and increase their access to HIV services. People who inject drugs (PWID) and HIV in India- HIV prevalence: 7.1 % 30 % of PWID are in north-eastern states, where injecting drug use is the major route of HIV transmission. However, HIV prevention efforts in this region have reduced the number of new infections. Research has stressed the need for early interventions for PWID in India, among which most influenced are the teenage/adolescent

Martin Luther Protestant Reformation Essay Example For Students

Martin Luther Protestant Reformation Essay The Protestant Reformation:What it was,why it happenedand why it was necessary. The Protestant Reformation has been called the most momentous upheaval in the history of Christianity. It was a parting of the ways for two large groups of Christians who differed in their approach to the worship of Christ. At the time, the Protestant reformers saw the church- the Catholic church, or the universal church- as lacking in its ways. The church was corrupt then, all the way up to the pope, and had lost touch with the people of Europe. The leaders of the Reformation sought to reform the church and its teachings according to the Scriptures and the writings of the Apostles. They sought to simplify the church by returning to its roots, roots long lost by the Catholic church at the time, or so the reformers believed. After the fall of the Roman Empire, life in Europe declined rapidly into the Dark Ages. The Dark Ages were a time of misery and darkness. There were only two socioeconomic classes: the very rich nobility or the very poor peasants. Small kingdoms popped up everywhe re, and were constantly at war with one another. Whole libraries were destroyed, and the only people who remained literate were the clergy of the Christian church. Life became such a struggle to survive that, for a period of five hundred years, very little artwork or literature was produced by the whole of Europe. Eventually, around the year 1000, the conditions in Europe began to get better. This marked the beginning of the Middle Ages. The Crusades began as an effort to revitalize the spirits of the people. However, things still werent very good. Plagues ravaged the land, carried by rodents and destroying whole villages. With this all around, the people began to talk of witches and devils and evil spirits. The religious stories of the time, as seen in the sculpture of every church built during this time period, was of the Last Judgement and the tortures of Hell. This was the time of tall, sweeping Gothic cathedrals adorned with gargoyles and devils. Everywhere the people looked, t hey saw death, and it became the sole thought in their minds- that and what came after death. With the spreading literacy among the clergy and nobility of the times came new literature. For hundreds of ears the only literature that had existed were those books saved from the destruction of the Dark Ages by the church and the monasteries. Now, scholars began to write new books- all of it, of course, religious in nature. One of the most influential books of the time was The Imitation of Christ by Thomas a Kempis. The book gave clear and simple instruction for modeling a Christian spiritual life on that of Christ (The Volume Library, 1950. However, the way that it did this was to present the mind set of a sober awareness of death and a general view that life is a veil of tears (Carmody, 331). While The Imitation was not the progenitor of the mood for the next several hundred years, it certainly contributed to it. Everything in life became a form of suffering in imitation of Christ. It soon became that even the tiniest act or motion during church service became a holy symbol of p art of Christs pain. This was also the time of the greatest pilgrimages in history. People all over Europe travelled great distances to experience even the most insignificant of relics. Soon, the possession of relics became a kind of competition between churches and monasteries, denoting their popularity and piety. With the collection of relics came an increase in the size and wealth of the church which housed them. This led to an obsession for money and materialism within the church, which grew tremendously over the next few hundred years. It went so far as the selling of indulgences, which was basically the buying off of ones time spent in purgatory before ascending to heaven. As the Renaissance began, the clergy itself began collecting artwork and lavish decor not only for the church for their private offices. With this trend towards materialism came an obsession with the acts performed during Mass rather than what they represented. Soon, everything in the service contained some kind of mystery which was supposedly known only to the priest but not to the common man. With the Mass still being said in Latin, which only the clergy knew, it was no wonder that this sense of mystery completely separated the church from its followers. The priests espoused complicated rituals, but did little teaching and enlightening of the general masses. As if this wasnt bad enough, an amazing event put another spilt between the church and the people of Euope. The Great Schism, as it has been called. The long line of corrupt popes arrived at the election of Bartolomeo Prigano, of which accounts differ widely among those cardinals present at the election. Controversy surrounded this election over whether Prigano had actually been elected pope or had merely been nominated to be the new pope. The cardinals left Rom e and declared that the election was void and there currently was no leader of the church. Pope Clement VII- a relative of the French king- was elected by the cardinals, and he declared Prigano the anti-christ. The new pope took up residence in Avignon on the French border, and the corruption of the church grew even worse, becoming the scandal of Europe. It was obvious that the church and its head were being manipulated by the French royalty, and all of Europe knew it. As time went on, popes came and went in both Avignon and Rome, with different parts of Europe claiming loyalties to different popes. Skirmishes broke out constantly. Finally, in 1409, the College of Cardinals met to discuss The Great Schism. Neither pope agreed to attend the meeting, just ashad happened with every other meeting of this kind, and neither side showed any signs of reconciliation. The decision of the cardinals was to elect a third pope. Pope Alexander V and his successors tried to get the other two popes to back down to, no avail. The church was in turmoil, and Europe with it. In 1415, a national council took place between the major countries of Europe- France, Italy, Spain and Germany- called the council of Constance. The clergy from across the continent decided at this meeting, themselves being the greatest Christian authority of the time- so much that even the popes must abide by their decisions- that all three popes would be deposed and a new pope would be elected. Though not immediately effective, the Councils edict eventually took hold and the other popes dropped out of popularity. This ended The Great Schism, but not the atmosphere created by it. Caught up in its own disputes, the church had lost touch with its people, and simply unifying its leadership without altering its practices did little to change this. At the Council of Constance, as well as cleaning up the papacy, the subject of John Wycliffe and John Huss was brought up. Wycliffe had died many years earlier in 1384, but his views still persisted. Wycliffe, who had been a professor at the University of Oxford, had argued for a church reform based on a return to the Scriptures- one of the most popular ideas of what was to become the Reformation movement. He argued for a downsized church because the Church, as the assembly of all the predestined, is invisible, and hence formal membership in the external, institutional ecclesiastical body is no guarantees of salvation (Dolan 125). He rejected the idea that the office of the pope was a divine institution, arguing that the characteristics of the person must be comparable to their originator, St. Peter, to be divine. Foremost of the needed characteristics was the love of Christ. Turbografix 16 ...the beginning EssayLuther was eventually brought to trial and excommunicated from the church. However, no further action could be taken against Luther in Germany because of his popularity with the people and the size of his movement had taken on. The church ordered all of Luthers works burned, but few carried out this command with any enthusiasm. In 1520, he wrote a series of pamphlets entitled An Appeal to the Nobility of the German Nation, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church and On Christian Liberty, which together set forth a plan for reforming the church. These contained ideas so radical that it would be impossible, as Desiderius Erasmus the great humanist and historian said, to make peace with the papacy. The pamphlets called for a return to the Scriptures and Epistles as the sole belief system of the church, for a priesthood for the common man instead of an exclusive clergy, and a doctrine of justification by faith alone. It must be asserted, though, t hat Luther and his followers still had no intention of removing themselves from the Catholic church. They wanted reform, not separation. But this reformation never happened. The leaders of different European countries swore allegiance to either one side or the other. Some governments followed the Protestant doctrine out of faith, others because it was a useful political tool in explaining their actions. In the Netherlands, for example, the Protestant Reform not only took the form of a religious upheaval but also of a political rebellion against the Spanish rulers. Everywhere, Europe was split along religious lines. Luther was tossed from one place to another by this maelstrom, brought before councils and protected by supportive monarchs. Luther eventually died in 1546. In his final days, he had become a bitter and often disappointed man. The Reformers who came to take his place seemed to him too fanatic and too proud. They had held back when he alone had faced the fury of the Pope, and now they had burst forth triumphantly now that the papacy had been broken. The Reformation continued outside of Germany, occurring mos tly in the north and outside of England. Following Luther came Martin Bucer to lead the German Reform movement, Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland, and John Calvin in Geneva. These men were keen observers of the winds of political change that ranged about them. They were more sophisticated than Luther and his earliest followers, and they planted the Reformation movement in large population centers and identified it with civic and social responsibilities. Holiness of life, not membership in a world-wide organizational design, was their criterion of the true Christian (Dolan 269). Each of them changed Luthers original doctrine to suit their needs- mostly dealing with the Eucharist- but they kept the flame of the revolt alive. Following the lead of the Protestant Reformers on the continent, King Henry VIII of England rejected the authority of the pope and declared himself head of the Church of England in 1534. This rebellion was not, however, honest and sincere like that of the Protestant Reformers. Henry broke with the church because he wanted a male heir to the throne, and he could not convince the pope to annul his marriage to Cathrine of Aragon- the first of his six wives. Following Henry, King Edward VI and Queen Elizabeth continued to mold this new church after the Protestant example. Elizabeth deliberately tried to keep the church a faith midway between Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. Having lost much of its former glory, the Catholic church finally called together a council to take action against the Reformation which had so violently broken the church. It had been over twenty years since any such council had met. The Council of Trent was convened at Trento in northern Italy from 1546 to 1564. The policies developed at the Council made up what was called the Counter- Reformation. In response to the humanistic views of the Reformation, the Catholic church zealously strengthened its own religious views. The councils first action was, of course, to denounce Protestantism and reaffirm the Catholic doctrine. It set into motion the improvement of the education of priests and reasserted the power and authority of the Pope across Europe. It also, to assure the popes power and to prevent future harm by rebels such as Luther, established the Inquisition whose duty it was to hunt out any threat to the church and remove it. So while the Reformation led to political dissension and increased rebellion, the Counter- Reformation resulted in intolerance, moralizing and a taste for exaggerated religiosity (Adams, 281). The final battle of the Protestant Reformation was fought nearly fifty years later: the Thirty Years War. An actual military war between the German princes which had banded together to form the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the south and west. The war began with revolt in Bohemia, homeland of John Huss, and soon encompasses Denmark, Sweden and France as well. The war finally ended in Germany in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia, but Europe would never again be the same. France and Spain continued to fight, and the Protestants and the Catholics continued to glare at each other from their respective sidelines. The explosion that had split the Catholic church had died away, but the fire it left behind continued to burn. Seen in perspective with the history of the times, the Reformation was inevitable. It not only spoke out against the atrocities, selfishness and hypocrisy that the people of northern Europe protested against, but it also provided a form of religious express ion that let men and women worship God in their own fashion. The lifestyles of northern and southern Europe were and still are vastly different. Italy at the time was far more crowded and urban than Germany and its neighbors. The people of the south were also of a different heritage. The Catholic church centered itself around the ruins of the Roman Empire and was made up of the descends of the Romans and Jews. The people of the north came from the Germanic tribes like the Goths, tribes which had been instrumental in the fall of the Empire. The south was decadent, the north rural. It is hardly surprising that these two regions would eventually develop their own form of religious expression. Thus, Protestantism and its offshoots- Lutheran, Baptist, Methodist and such- are still popular in the world today, very often with people who have roots where the faiths originated. Roman Catholicism still thrives as well, but in a less corrupt state than during the Reformation. It now dominates much of Europe, while the Protestant religions have taken over America. Religion Essays